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147 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What kingdoms are composed of eukaryotes?

animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

Which kingdoms are composed of organisms with cell structures which do not have a membrane-bound nucleus?

eubacteria, archaea

What is the basis for classifying an organism as a prokaryote or a eukaryote?

Types of cells or cellular structure

Living organisms which can be seen only by using a microscope are

microorganisms

Contributions made to microscope by Hans and Zacharias Janssen:

2 glass lenses in a tube

Contributions made to microscope by Galileo:

principles of lenses, improved instrument could be focused

Contributions made to microscope by Anton van Leeuwenkoek

400 microscopes, single lens microscope capable of 270x of magnification

Contributions made to microscope by Robert Hooke

compound microscopes

Contributions made to microscope by Charles A. Spencer

amazing quality of microscope

Contributions made to microscope by Max Knott and Ernst Ruska

electron microscope

What is a "flea glass"?

magnifying glass

What word did Leeuwenhoek use to describe what he saw in a single drop of rain water?

animalcules

What is the significance of Robert Hooke's description of a cork viewed under a microscope?

He's credited to first identifying and using the term "cells" to describe why compartments or chambers that made up the cork

How can a light microscope create a magnified image?

Focuses a light source at a specimen through a series of lenses

What is the difference in the way an electron microscope works and a light microscope?

Electron microscopes utilize streams of electrons which are accelerated in a vacuum and directed at a prepared specimen

What limits the amount of magnification that can be produced using light? Why?

As it's magnified higher and higher levels, the image becomes less and less sharp because of the limit of resolving power

name 3 variations of the light telescope and a common use for each:

Bright field microscope; biology systems, Dark field microscope; used to view unstained specimens, Polarizing light microscope; used to view molecules with highly-ordered patterns

At what level of magnification are the best images produced using an electron microscope?

250,000 times

name 3 limitations to using an electron microscope to view a microorganism?

price, preparation time, not possible to view a living organisms

When using a __________ microscope, you would look through 2 eyepieces

binocular

What part of a microscope rotates to change from the low power objective lens to the high power objective lens?

revolving nosepiece

When are you never supposed to use the coarse adjustment knob?

when using a high power objective lens

Which lens is closest to your eye when looking through a microscope?

ocular lens

Which lens is closest to the object that you are viewing?

objective lens

How do you figure the total magnification?

multiply the ocular lens and objective lens magnification

Name 2 kingdoms where all prokaryotes are classified:

eubacteria and archaea

Name 4 kingdoms where all eukaryotes are classified:

animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista

3 disadvantages to using an electron microscope to view microorganisms

price, preparation time, and the fact that you can't view living organisms

resolving power

ability to tell 2 points apart

objective lens

magnifying lens closest to the specimen

optical microscope

magnifies an object using light and lenses

monocular

single body tube

electron microscope

magnifies using streams of electrons

prokaryote

cell with no membrane-bound structures

binocular

two eyepieces

ocular lens

lens found in the eyepiece

eukaryote

cell with a true nucleus

As a predecessor to today's microscopes, ___________ was used to focus the sun's light in order to start a fire

burning glass

The Englishman who first used the term "cells" to describe tiny compartments which made up cork was

Robert Hooke

Galileo used ________________ to examine the principles of lenses, thus improving on previous attempts at magnification

mathematics

The Dutchman, ____________ was the first to carefully document observations of blood cells, sperm cells, and other microorganisms

Leewenhoek

_______ and _________, 2 16th century eyeglass makers, experiemented with glass lenses and a tube and found that objects could be magnified images with his microscopes

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

Very little has changed in the structure of light microscopes since the 1840s when an American, ___________, was able to significantly improve the quality of the magnified images with his microscopes

Charles A. Spencer

The electron microscope was invented in Germany by ___________ and ____________ during the 1930s

Max Knott and Ernst Ruska

Number following items in order from your eye to the specimen on the stage of your microscope: objective lens, body tube, ocular lens, cover slip, revolving nosepiece

ocular lens, body tube, revolving nosepiece, objective lens, cover slip

Give 3 reasons why fungi are no longer classified as plants:

They don't produce their food using chlorophyll, no tissue differentiation, cells walls of fungi are composed of chitin

symbiosis

mutually beneficial relationship between 2 species

parasite

animal or plant that lives in or on a host

saprophyte

organism which obtains food from non-living organic material

Multicellular fungi are composed of thread-like structures called __________ which group together to form ____________ to perform specific functions

hyphae and mycelia

Explain how rhizoids function to obtain food for a fungus

produces an enzyme that breaks down organic material into smaller molecules

In fungus, the reproductive structures are called ______. From these structures, ________ are released from which a complete fungus can grow.

fruiting bodies and spores

The common grouping of fungi into the club fungi group or the sac fungi group are based on what characteristic?

Shape of actual structures which produce spores

Name the 4 phyla of fungi you will be studying in this section:

Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota

List at least 4 common organisms that are part of the phylum Basidiomycota:

mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, smufs

brief description of this part of a mushroom: cap

umbrella-shaped top; fruiting body

brief description of this part of a mushroom: gills

underside of top; reproductive spores produced and released

brief description of this part of a mushroom: stalk

stem like support structure

brief description of this part of a mushroom: ring

found on stalk, left over from protective covering from first development

brief description of this part of a mushroom: rhizoids

Can't be seen without magnification; under cup; grows into organic material mushroom depends on as its food source

What is the scientific name of the most common mushroom you find in the grocery store?

Agaricus bisporis

List 2 common organisms which are part of the phylum Ascomycota

yeasts and morels

The _______ is the name of the fruiting body for all sac fungi

ascas

Where are more morels commonly found growing?

forest floors

Define budding

asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from a portion of the parent cell that has pinched off

Define fermentation

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by a living organism

What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae

baker's yeast; makes bread rise

What is Ceratocystis ulmi

responsible for Dutch elm disease

What is Penicillium chrysogenum

penicillin; changed the world of medicine in ways no other discovery since it was discovered has rivaled

Most species in the kingdom Zygomycota are ______________________ which feed on decaying plant and animal material

terrestrial saprophytes

Briefly describe the sexual reproduction cycle for zygomycetes

The positive and negative mating cells combine, forming gametangia, which combines even further to form a zygote, which combines even further to form a complete zygospore

brief description of this part of a mold: sporangiophore

tiny stalk-like structure of mycelia

brief description of this part of a mold: sportangium

where spores are produced and released

brief description of this part of a mold: stolon

long hyphae that make up the "fuzz" we see on a moldy surface

Give 2 reasons that chyrids differ significantly from other fungi

They're mainly aquatic, and their reproductive cells are flagellated, which means they have a tail-like structure that allows them to propel themselves through the water

The cell wall of fungi is composed of

chitin

Fungi are commonly grouped as _____ or ________ based on the structure of their fruiting bodies

sac fungi or club fungi

taxonomic category within a kingdom

phylum

obtain food from non-living organic material

saprophyte

break down of complex molecules into simpler ones

fermentation

multi-nucleated thread-like structures of fungi

hyphae

mycelia responsible for obtaining food

rhizoids

asexual reproduction of yeast

budding

a group of hyphae

mycelia

reproductive cells which can tolerate bad conditions

spores

structures which house the reproductive formation

fruiting bodies

mutually positive relationship between 2 species

symbiosis

plant or animal which supports a parasite

host

Agaricus bisporis

common edible mushroom

Penicillium chrysogenum

produces common anitbiotic

Saccharomyces cerevisae

baker's yeast

Ceratocytis ulmi

elm tree parasite

Give 2 reasons members of the phylum Chytridiomycota are sometimes grouped in the kingdom Protista rather than the kingdom Fungi

1,000 members of this phylum are aquatic and reproductive cells are flagellated

Who is credited with discovering penicillin?

Sir Alexander Fleming

______ used mathematics to examine the principles of lenses, thus improving on previous attempts at magnification

Galileo

What name did Robert Hooke give to the compartments in a cork sample that he observed using a microscope?

cells

What are the parts of a mushroom from the top to the bottom?

Cap, scales, gills, ring, stalk, cup, and rhizoids

_______ is the general name for all animal-like protists

Protozoans

Describe homeostasis and how contractile vacuoles are involved in the process:

Self-regulating exchange of water, dissolved materials, and dissolved gasses between an organism and its surroundings. Regulated through structure called contractile vacuoles

Describe phagocytosis and how food vacuoles are involved in the process

When a cell moves toward a tiny piece of food or cell moves tiny piece of food to particular location along cell membrane. encloses food particle and forms a food vacuole

List the 6 phyla of animal-like protists and their mode of motility

rhizopoda, pseudopodia; actinopoda, pseudopodia; forminifera, pseudopodia; ciliophora, cilia; zoomastigophora, flagella; and apicomplexa, not motile in adult stage

In a eukaryotic cell, the nucleus and the _______ are the contents of every cell. During binary fission, this material is divided between the 2 daughter cells

cytoplasm

Describe the process of conjugation

2 individual protozoa attach to each other and share genetic material. Then they separate and each individual divides by fission, creating 4 new individuals

What is a cyst and why is it important to the survival of a particular species?

protective covering that protects the species until bad conditions become good and safe

Describe pseudopodia and their significance to an amoeboid protist

They are extensions of a cell that act as false feet

Discuss Entamoeba histolytica

The cause of an intestinal disease in humans called amoebic dysentery

What is the main component of the tiny shells of the members of the phylum Actinopoda?

calcium carbonate (limestone)

What is the main component of the tiny shells of the members of the phylum Foraminifera?

Silicon

_______ is the common name for Foraminifers

Radiolarians

Describe cilia and their significance to a ciliate

Hair-like structures that move the ciliate by a constant beating action

What structure is responsible for maintaining the consistent shape of a paramecium?

pellicle

discuss the travels of a bacterium that has just been located as food by a paramecium.

Food moves through the oral grooves the continues to the end of the gullet. At the end of the gullet, the food is surrounded by the cell membrane which pinches off to form a food vacuole. It will move throughout the paramecium's cytoplasm as the food is digested. The waste product is released through the anal pore

What characteristic makes the cell of a paramecium exceptional compared to other eukaryotic cells?

It has 2 distinct nuclei

describe conjugation between 2 paramecium

2 paramecium attach to each other at their oral surface where a cytoplasm bridge connects them. Inside each cell, changes are made to the nuclear material in both the micronucleus and the micronucleus. At 1 point, genetic material crosses the cytoplasmic bridge between the micronuclei of each paramecium

Zooflagellates move by means of a whip-like structure called a

flagella

What 2 locations might you find zooflagellates living in?

fresh water or organisms

How does longitudinal binary fission differ from other forms of binary fission?

The daughter cells mirror each other

Discuss the 2 ways in which insect vectors carry a disease from 1 human to another

it can transmit it into the blood stream by bite or by having the cyst stick to you when they land on you

Describe the relationship between a termite and trichonympha

The trichonympha lives in the termite's gut and digests the wood for it because termites can't digest wood

All species of the phylum Apicomplexa are

parasites

what is 1 known function of the apical complex

it's the key structure for the parasites to be able to enter and interact with their host cells

What's the importance of the sexual and asexual portions of the erythrocytic cycle of the Plasmodium life cycle

The asexual portion bursts the red blood cells, causing fever and chills. The sexual portion releases spores into the blood stream

The _________ is the insect vector for malaria

Anopheles mosquito

Which group of humans is likely to experience the most devastating symptoms of toxoplasmosis?

babies in the womb

cell with membrane-bound structures

eukaryote

organism's response to a stimulus

taxis

ability to tell 2 points apart

resolving power

response to a chemical

chemotaxis

conjugation

sexual reproduction in some protozoans

response to light

phototaxis

What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Ciliophora

cilia

What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Giardia lamblia

flagellum

What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Rhizopoda

pseudopodia

What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Entamoeba histolytica

pseudopodia

What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Paramecium caudatum

cilia

What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: zoomastigophora

flagellum

What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: actinopoda

pseudopodia

What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: trichonymphia

flagellum

Name a few structures that are part of the process of phagocytosis in a ciliate

oral groove, gullet, and food vacuole

The members of the phylum _____ are all parasitic

apicomplexa

The insect vector for plasmodium vivax is the

anopheles mosquito

________ is the structure within a protozoan where enzymes are secreted to digest food

food vacuole

In common mold, the ______ is the tiny stalk-like structure that support the fruiting bodies where spores are produced and released

sporangiophore

The ____ of a microscope can be rotated to change the amount of light that is allowed to enter the microscope

diaphragm

The kingdom _______ contains prokaryotic organisms

eubacteria

Briefly describe how the 2 parts of the plasmodium erythrocytic cycle affect the human host

The parts of the plasmodium erythrocytic cycle cause the symptoms of malaria by bursting red blood cells. The symptoms are fever and chills

Choose 1 microscopic species that causes a human illness. Give the scientific name of the species, the disease it causes, the vector, and briefly describe the symptoms

The scientific name of Hiker's disease is Giardia Liamblia. The vector is water-borne cysts and the symptoms are diarrhea and stomach cramps