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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two contexts does development always occur in?
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social
cultural |
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Four developmental domains:
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physical
cognitive (including language) personality sociocultural |
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Although domains are convenient concepts, development is not compartmentalized; it is ____
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holistic
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When did the scientific study of human development first begin?
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Beginning of 20th century
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Being scientific means being ______ and _______ and avoiding ___________.
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systematic
objective ethnocentrism |
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What two contexts does development always occur in?
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social
cultural |
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Four developmental domains:
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physical
cognitive (including language) personality sociocultural |
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Although domains are convenient concepts, development is not compartmentalized; it is ____
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holistic
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When did the scientific study of human development first begin?
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Beginning of 20th century
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Being scientific means being ______ and _______ and avoiding ___________.
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systematic
objective ethnocentrism |
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What two contexts does development always occur in?
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social
cultural |
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|
Four developmental domains:
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physical
cognitive (including language) personality sociocultural |
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Although domains are convenient concepts, development is not compartmentalized; it is ____
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holistic
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When did the scientific study of human development first begin?
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Beginning of 20th century
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Being scientific means being ______ and _______ and avoiding ___________.
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systematic
objective ethnocentrism |
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Most development involves the dynamic interplay of ______ and _________.
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biology
experience |
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Nowadays, interplay of biology and experience is usually expressed as _____ and _____ in interaction
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heredity
environment |
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When interplay of biology is cast as maturation & learning in interaction, emphasis shifts to ________
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timing
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In most cases, it is more accurate to consider human development in terms of sensitive periods rather than
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critical periods
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Views of childhood both historically & across cultures:
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co-workers
property to be sold or traded beings without rights beings with clear-cut rights |
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How children were once viewed in medieval Europe
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miniature adults
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Individualist cultures stress _________;
collectivist cultures stress _________ |
independence
interdependence |
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How adolescence has become a prolonged period of dependence:
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a result of industrialization and increasing need for extended education
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What three things that dictate how long a person remains an adolescent:
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culture
social context historical context |
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How long adulthood lasts and at what point a person becomes "old" varies across & within cultures;one factor is
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socioeconomic level
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Family composition varies across and within cultures; the _______ family is definitely NOT the norm
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nuclear
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Case studies attempt to:
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create a complete picture of an individual
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The earliest developmental case studies were:
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baby biographies
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Case studies & other descriptive approaches (can) or (cannot) make conclusive statements about cause&effect?
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cannot
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The advantage of naturalistic or field observation:
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studying behavior as it naturally occurs
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The advantage of laboratory observation is:
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studying behavior under controlled conditions
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Surveys using what 2 things have the advantage that they can be administered to large, representative samples:
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questionnaires
interviews |
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Disadvantage to taking surveys include:
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people don't always respond
or respond accurately |
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Psychological tests are often used in developmental research to assess factors such as ____ and ____.
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IQ
personality |
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The best psychological tests are strong in what 3 things?
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reliability
validity standardization |
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What is a research tool that assesses the degree and direction of correspondence between two variables
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correlation
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Does correlation yield conclusive statements about cause & effect?
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No
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The _____ design can provide accurate info on individual developmental change but is time consuming
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longitudinal
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The ____ design is efficient with regard to time but is subject to cohort effects
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cross-sectional
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The ____ design is a mix intended to minimize the disadvantages of longitudinal and cross-sectional design
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sequential-cohort
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What can directly assess cause and effect?
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only experiments
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Experiments can involve what two things?
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studying behavior of person under different situations or comparing behavior of groups under different conditions
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A group experiment involves participants in what ways?
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randomly placing them in groups; manipulating 1+ independent variables; measure 1+ dependent variables
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In group experiments, if the groups' behavior differs, which variable's differences are considered the cause?
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independent variable
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Qualities of a good experiment include:
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systematic & objective
uses reasonable operational definitions high in internal validity |
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Why are ethical principles in conducting research with human participants necessary?
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To protect them from lasting physical or psychological harm
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Since all behaviors cannot be studied experimentally, what is another method these type behaviors can be studied?
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by descriptive approaches
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What do Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) evaluate?
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all research projects to assess any potential for lasting harm
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Additional ethical principles include:
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informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, knowledge of results & access to any beneficial txs available
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Why is informed consent a potential problem?
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deception is often used with human participants
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Concerning informed consent, what does the term "reconciliations" mean?
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The participant can't be deceived about anything that would affect willingness to participate; must be debriefed
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Development
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changes over time physically, in thought or behavior as a result of both biological & environmental influences
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Human Development
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continuous process lasting from birth until death. Understanding what happens during this life span.
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Context
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the immediate and extended settings in which development occurs
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Society
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organized group of interacting people
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Culture
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beliefs, norms, practices, languages, ethnicity & shared group identity
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Domain
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arbitrary segments used to study a population
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Physical Domain
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Segment of development involving changes in shape & size, brain structure, sensory ability & motor skills
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Cognitive Domain
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includes acquiring skills in perceiving, reasoning, problem solving; also intricate development/use lang
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Personality Domain
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includes acquiring relatively stable and enduring traits and a sense of self as an individual
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Sociocultural Domain
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Segment of development comprised of socialization and enculturation
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Ethnocentric Bias
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the assumption that what we believe & behave are right and those of others are inferior or abnormal
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What do growth, maturation & aging all refer to?
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heavily biological processes
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Learning
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change over time related to practice or experience
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Critical Period
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Times when some types of development must occur or will never occur
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Sensitive or Optimal Period
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Times when learning & development occur best and most efficiently, but NOT exclusively
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Collectivist Culture
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Culture where the group takes precedence over the individual; cooperation/group achievement stressed
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Individualist Culture
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Where competition pre-
dominates over cooperation & personal achievement is valued more than group success |
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Case Study
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The compilation of often large & intricate amts. info on individual, family or town thru interviews, tests, watch
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Baby Biography
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Recording mini-milestones of child development (age when child discovers parts of body, etc.)
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Questionnaires & Surveys
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paper & pencil method of obtaining info from an individual or group. Must be representative sample
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Systematic Observations can be done in two settings:
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Naturalistic
Laboratory |
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Representative Sample
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sample that accurately mirrors a population
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Random Sample
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A sample selected in such a way that any member of a population has an equal chance of being selected
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Validity & Reliability
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Validity measures what it says it will measure
Reliability means it will do so every time ** |
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Standardized
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Tests have been given to representative samples to establish norms to enable accurate comparison
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Projective Tests
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project thoughts, attitudes and feelings as person responds
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Longitudinal Design
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study of the same participants observed over a lengthy period of time
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Cross-Sectional Design
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compares individuals at different ages at one point in time
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Cohort Effects
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the sociocultural differences between people of different age groups
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Confounding
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the difficulty in determining whether the effects between cohorts are due to development or historically
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Sequential-Cohort Design
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hybrid approach where different groups of overlapping cohorts are studied longitudinally
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Correlation
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a math statement of the relationship or correspondence between two variables
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Single-Subject Design
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uses one subject at a time which is exposed to contingencies expected to alter or affect behavior
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Contingency
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relationship between behavior and it's consequences
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Experimental Design
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refers to many considerations necessary for conducting meaningful & valid experiments
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Basic Steps in Scientific Method
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define problem; develop hypothesis; test hypothesis; draw conclusions; report findings
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Independent Variable
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Variable that is manipulated in order to observe its effects on the dependent variable
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Dependent Variable
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Variable that changes as result of manipulating the independent variable
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Operational Definitions
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actual procedures researchers use to represent variables
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Internal Validity
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conducting experiment to allow researchers to draw meaningful info about cause & effect relationships
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External Validity
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The extent to which an experiment corresponds to what happens in the real world
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Psychological Tests (3)
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IQ tests
Personality tests Projective tests |
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Replication
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Systematic repetitions of an experiment to determine if findings are valid and generalizable
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The social scientist that conducted the Little Albert experiment
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J. B. Watson
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