Life Span Developmental Phych

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Accommodation

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Piaget's term for the process that requires schemas to change when a new object of event does not fit.

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Albert Bandura

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Researched with observational learning with the famous Bobo doll experiment.

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Assimilation

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In Piaget's theory, the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas.

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Behaviorism

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The view that the appropriate focus of psychology should be on the observable behavior

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Bioecological Model

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A model that emphasizes that human development is a dynamic, interactive process that begins with an individual's genetic endowment and unfolds over time as a result of interactions with various levels of the environment

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Biological Factors

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Genetic, neurological, or physical conditions that affect the development of an individual

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Case Study

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The compilation of detailed information of an individual, a family, or a community through interviews, observations, and formal testing.

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Charles Darwin

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First to advance the theory of evolution in his work, "The Origin of Species." At the core of his view was natural selection.

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Confounding

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The problem of not being sure whether any obtained differences or trends between cohorts are due to developmental factors or to historical factors associated with different cohort groups.

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Correlation

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A research technique that describes the relationship, or correspondence, between two variables

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Cross-Sectional Design

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A study that compares individuals of different ages at one point in time (e.g. a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 8-year-olds and a group of 11-year-olds)

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Dependent Variable

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The variable in an experiment that changes as a result of manipulating the independent variable.

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Development

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The changes over time in the physical structure, thought, or behavior of a person as a result of both biological and environmental influences.

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Developmental Neuroscience

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The study of the development of brain structures and the relationship between brain structures and functions and behavior of development.

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Developmental Period (or stage)

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A discreet period of the lifespan during which predictable changes occur.

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Developmental Psychologists

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Psychologists whose primary interests focus on the study of developmental processes and events.

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Enculturation

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Learning about culture by observing and absorbing rather than being taught.

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Erik Erikson

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A neo-freudian who developed the psyshosocial approach to therapy

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Ethology

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The study of patterns of animal behavior, especially behavior that is guided by instinct.

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Evolution

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The process through which species change across generations.

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Evolutionary Psychology

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The study of the inherited psychological characteristics that combines an evolutionary approach with research in cognitive psychology.

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Human Genome

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then entire arrangement of all human genes.

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Independent Variable

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The variable in an experiment that is manipulated in order to observe its effects on the dependent variable.

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Individualist Culture

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A culture where competition predominates over cooperation and personal achievement is typically valued more highly than group achievement. Individual freedom and choice receive strong emphasis.

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Informed Consent

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a clear statement of the procedures and risks, as well as the obligations of both the participants and the researchers.

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Institutional Review Boards (IRB's)

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Screening committees of research institutions that evaluate all research projects relative to their potential harm to participants.

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Internalization

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The process of incorporating the values and moral standards of one's society into one's self-concept, or understanding, of oneself.

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Interview

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A questionnaire that is administered verbally, usually in a one-on-one setting.

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Ivan Pavlov

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Famous for his work with digestion in dogs leading to the discovery of classical conditioning. Ring a bell, dogs salivate.

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Jean Piaget

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Best known for his work in the field of cognitive development

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Laboratory Observation

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The observational method in which researchers set up controlled situations designed to elicit the behavior of interest.

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Learning

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Developmental changes that are dependent on a person's interactions with the environment.

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Lev Vygotsky

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Was among the first to emphasize the social context in which a large share of children's cognitive development takes place.

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Longitudinal Design

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A study in which the same participants are studied at various points in time to see how they change as they age.

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Mary Ainsworth

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Associated with the "Strange Situation" test.

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Maturation

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Developmental changes that are linked closely to biological events.

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Naturalistic Observation

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The observational method in which researchers go into everyday settings and observe and record behavior while being as unobtrusive as possible.

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Natural Selection

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The theory originated by Darwin of survival of the fittest, where better adapted individuals survive to reproduce, thereby transferring their genes to their offspring and into future generations.

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Psychodynamic Approach

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The theory originated by Freud that emphasizes unconscious processed and the importance of early childhood development.

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Quasi-experimental Method

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A research method, much like and experiment, which is used when an experiment is not possible. (e.g. when volunteers cannot be randomly assigned t treatment groups)