Life Span Development # 2

Front 1

myelination

Back 1

The process by which axons become coated with myelin

Front 2

myelin

Back 2

fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

Front 3

initiative versus guilt

Back 3

Erikson's third psychosocial crisis children begin new activities and feel guilty when they fail.

Hint 3

Sean

Front 4

Preoperational thinking

Back 4

Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (in addition to the senses and motor skills of infancy), but logical, operation thinking is not yet possible.

Hint 4

Ryanne

Front 5

Primary prevention

Back 5

actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance (injury, disease, abuse)

Hint 5

reduce everyone's chance at an injury

Front 6

secondary prevention

Back 6

actions that avert harm in a high- risk situation

Hint 6

stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian

Front 7

tertiary prevention

Back 7

actions that are taken after an adverse event such as illness or injury and are aimed at reducing the harm of preventing disability

Hint 7

immediate and effective medical treatment. Saves lives and reduces the number and severity of permanent disabilities.

Front 8

critical period

Back 8

a time when a certain development must happen if it ever to happen

Hint 8

ex: overall development of body during embryonic

Front 9

sensitive period

Back 9

a time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen when happens most easily.

Hint 9

mastering vocab, grammar, and pronunciation. children = sponges

Front 10

fast- mapping

Back 10

the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by mentally charting them into categories according to their meanings.

Hint 10

tiger => lion

Front 11

centration

Back 11

a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses on one idea, excluding all others

Front 12

egocentrism

Back 12

Piaget's term for children tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective

Front 13

focus on appearance

Back 13

a characteristic of preoperational thoughts in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent

Hint 13

girl scared of boy haircut

Front 14

static reasoning

Back 14

thinking that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be

Hint 14

boy and television program example

Front 15

irreversibility

Back 15

the idea that nothing can be undone; the inability to recognize that something can sometimes be restored to the way it was before a strange occurred.

Hint 15

child crying because of lettuce in hamburger example

Front 16

conservation

Back 16

the idea that the amount of a substance remains the same

Hint 16

= amount of water in different cups

Front 17

apprentice in thinking

Back 17

Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society

Front 18

guided participation

Back 18

the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations

Hint 18

children copying others in dancing or writing

Front 19

zone of proximal development

Back 19

Vygotsky's term for the skills that a perosn can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently, ZPD, applies to the ideas or cognitive skills a person is close to mastering as well as to move apparent skills.

Front 20

scaffolding

Back 20

temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learning master the next task in a given learning process.

Front 21

private speech

Back 21

the internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud)

Front 22

overregularization

Back 22

the application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, so that the language is made to seem more "regular" than it actually is.

Front 23

emotional regulation

Back 23

the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed. This is the most important psychosocial development to occur between the ages of 2 and 6, it continues throughout life.

Front 24

self- esteem

Back 24

how a person evaluates this or her own worth, either in specifics or overall

Front 25

self- concept

Back 25

a person's understanding of who he or she is

Front 26

intrinsic motivation

Back 26

goals or drives that come from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent

Front 27

extrinsic motivation

Back 27

the need for rewards from outside

Front 28

externalizing problems

Back 28

difficulty with emotional regulation that involves outwardly expressing emotions in uncontrolled ways. such as by lashing out in impulsive anger or attacking other people or things

Front 29

internalizing problems

Back 29

difficulty with emotional regulation involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless

Front 30

prosocial behavior

Back 30

feeling and acting in ways that are helpful and kind, without obvious benefit to oneself

Front 31

antisocial behavior

Back 31

feeling and acting in ways that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

Front 32

instrumental aggression

Back 32

Hurtful behavior that is aimed at gaining something (such as a toy, a place in line, or a turn on the swing) that someone else has.

Front 33

reactive aggression

Back 33

an impulsive retaliation for a hurt (intentional or accidental) that can be verbal or physical

Front 34

relational aggression

Back 34

nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connections between the victim and others

Front 35

bullying aggressions

Back 35

unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims whoare unlikely to defend themselves

Front 36

aptitude

Back 36

the potential to master a particular skill or to learn a particular body or knowledge

Front 37

IQ Test

Back 37

test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school.

Front 38

achievement test

Back 38

Measures of mastery or proficiency in reading, math, writing, science, or any other subject.

Front 39

Flynn Effect

Back 39

the rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decade in many nations.

Front 40

authoritarian parenting

Back 40

child rearing with high behavioral standards, punishment of misconduct and low communication

Front 41

permissive parenting

Back 41

child rearing with high nurturance and communication but rar punishment, guidance, or control

Front 42

authoritative parenting

Back 42

child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible.

Front 43

gender schema

Back 43

a cognitive concept or general belief based on one's experiences in thsi case a child's understanding of sex differences

Front 44

WISC

Back 44

an IQ test designed for school age children. The test asses potential many areas, including vocabulary, general knowledge, memory and spatial comprehension

Front 45

empathy

Back 45

the ability to understand the emotions of another person, especially when those emotions differ from one's own.

Front 46

metacognition

Back 46

"thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it , and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

Front 47

phonics approach

Back 47

teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combination

Front 48

whole language appraoch

Back 48

teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills ex talking, listening, reading and writing

Front 49

total immersion

Back 49

a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second majority language that a child is learning

Front 50

bilingual education

Back 50

a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (minority) language

Front 51

culture of children

Back 51

the particular habits styles and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society

Front 52

deviancy training

Back 52

the process whereby children are taught by their peers to avoid restrictions imposed by adults.

Front 53

preconventional moral reasoning

Back 53

Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning emphasizing rewards and punishment

Front 54

conventional moral reasoning

Back 54

Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning emphasizing social rules

Front 55

postconventional moral reasoning

Back 55

Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning emphasizing moral principles

Front 56

bullying

Back 56

repeated, systematic, efforts inflect harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person

Front 57

bullying victims

Back 57

someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well.

Front 58

social comparison

Back 58

the tendency to asses one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers

Front 59

social cognition

Back 59

the ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior

Front 60

effortful control

Back 60

the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination