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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
molecules having a carbon skeleton bonded to some hydrogen atoms
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organic molecules
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molecules lacking carbon
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inorganic molecules
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groups of atoms that help determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecules
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functional groups
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name the six most common functional groups found in biological molecules
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hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate
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the removal of an H+ and OH- ions between two molecules to form water and create a polymer
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dehydration synthesis
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water breaking up two bonded monomers
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hydrolysis
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name the four types of biological molecules
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carbohydrates
lipids proteins nucleotides/nucleic acid |
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biological molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1
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carbohydrate
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carbohydrate that consists of just one sugar molecule
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monosaccharide
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two monosaccharides linked together
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disaccharide
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many monosaccharides linked togehter
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polysaccharide
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the most common monosaccharide/sugar molecule
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glucose
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glucose+fructose
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sucrose
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glucose+galactose
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lactose
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glucose+glucose
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maltose
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milk sugar
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galactose
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table sugar
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glucose
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fruit sugar
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fructose
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energy-storage molecule often used by plants
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starch
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energy storage molecule often used in animals
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glycogen
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most abundant organic molecule on Earth
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cellulose
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polysaccharide where glucose subunits bear nitrogen-containing functional group. Stiffens cell walls of many fungi
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chitin
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diverse group of molecules that contain regions almost entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrophobic
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lipids
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3 major groups of lipids
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oils, fats, and waxes
phospholipids steroids |
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1) lipid that only contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2) contain or more fatty acid. 3) do not have ring structures
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oils, fats, and waxes
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lipid used primarily for energy storage. Contain twice as many calories as carbs and proteins
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fats and oils
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fats and oils are formed by the linking of 3 fatty acid subunits to one molecule of_____
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glycerol
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chemical name of fats and oils
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triglycerides
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fatty acids that contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible is described as ______
solid at room temperature |
saturated
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fatty acid that contain significantly fewer hydrogens are _____
liquid at room temperature |
unsaturated
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similar to fats in humans but animals do not have the enzymes to break this lipid down
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wax
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similar to oil but the three fatty acids are connected to a phosphate group rather than glycerol
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phospholipid
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lipid composed of four rings of carbon atoms
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steroid
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type of steroid found in human brain. Used for sexual hormones.
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cholesterol
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molecules composed of one ore more chains of amino acids
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protein
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proteins that promote chemical reactions
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enzymes
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1) the building blocks of proteins
2) name the 3 different functional groups of this "building block" |
1) amino acids
2) a.nitrogen-containing amino group. b. carboxylic acid group. c. R group |
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the covalent bond formed between sulfur atoms of two cysteines in a protein. Typically causes the protein to fold
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disulfide bonds
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the bonds found between amino acids
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peptide bonds
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the chain of bonded amino acids
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peptide
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name the four levels of protein structure
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primary
secondary tertiary quaternary |
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amino acid sequence of a protein. covalent bonds
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primary structure
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1) protein structure maintained by hydrogen bonds.
2) name the two "shapes" of this structure |
1) secondary structure
2) helix and pleated sheet |
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protein structure consisting of folds. Structure of a single peptide chain held in place by disulfide bonds between cysteines
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tertiary structure
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protein structure consisting of more than one peptide chains
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quaternary structure
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when a protein's secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures are altered but leaving the primary structure intact
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denatured
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1) a subunit that makes up nucleic acids
2) name the two general classes of this subunit |
1) nucleotide
2) a. Ribose nucleotide b. deoxyribose nucleotide |
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ribose nucleotide with three phosphate functional groups. Carries energy from place to place within a cell
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Adenosine triphospate (ATP)
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long chains of nucleotides
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nucleic acid
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polymer of deoxyribose nucleotide
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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long single-stranded chain of ribose nucleotides
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ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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what is the most common bond in a lipid?
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non-polar bonds
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what makes carbohydrates different than the other organic molecules?
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carbohydrates have a large number of oxygen atoms rather than the other organic molecules that only have hydrogen and carbon
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