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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
resident, non-migratory: foraging/reproduction
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-both feeding and breeding occurs in the same location. (no migration)
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highly migratory: foraging/reproduction
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-reside in feeding ground and migrate to breeding grounds
-reside in breeding grounds and migrate to feeding grounds |
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metabolic cost of acquiring prey (diagram)
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-refer to slide #8 or pic flashcards
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reproductive investment: male vs. female
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-males: low investment, potentially high energetic costs (competition)
-females: high investment: gestation and lactation. |
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reproductive patterns
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-sirenians: 1 calf every 2-7 years, weaning 1-2 years
-sea otters: 1 pup every 1-2 years, weaning 5 months -polar bears: 1-2 pups every 2-4 years, weaning 2 years -odontocete: 1 calf every 2-8 years, weaning at 0.5- 10+ years, FEEDS during lactation -mysticete: 1 calf every 1-3 years, weaning at 5-12months, FAST during lactation -phocidae: 1 pup every year, weaning 4-50 days, fast during lactation -otariidae: 1 pup every year, weaning 4 - 12 months, feeds intermittently -odobenidae: 1 calf every 2-4 years, weaning at 2 years, feed while lactating |
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patterns of maternal investment
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-birth mass
-pup growth -lactation interval -milk composition |
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birth mass vs. maternal mass
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-positive relationship
-marine mammals have higher birth mass than terrestrial mammals (terrestrial mammals have more protection) *slide 14* |
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growth rate vs. maternal mass
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-positive relationship
*slide 17* |
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time to weaning relative to maternal mass
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-positive correlation
-phocids and mystecetes wean much sooner than all other marine mammals *slide 18* |
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milk composition in mammals
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-milk contains water, lipids, and proteins
-the higher the water concentration, the lower the lipid concentration -the higher the lipid concentration, the lower water concentration -protein concentration is constant -marine mammals that wean sooner have higher lipid concentrations *slide 20* |
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pup growth relative to milk fat content
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-positive relationship
-the higher growth rate, the higher the milk fat concentration *slide 21* |
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capital provisioner vs. income provisioner
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-capital provisioner: short lactation, fasts while lactating, rapid pup growth (phocids)
-income provisioner: long lactation, feeds while lactating, slow pup growth (otariids) |
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central place foraging theory: nearby vs. distant foraging site
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-near foraging site: many short duration trips, spends time with young
-distant foraging site: few long duration trips, maximize energy return per trip -as maximum distance traveled increase, so does trip duration -milk fat increases with trip duration -rate of milk consumption increase with trip duration |
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rate of milk production
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-animals with short lactation durations have high rates of milk production
-ex: hooded seal, harp seal, weddell seal -lactation duration is also related to habitat (fast/pack ice) -fast ice: attached to shore and is stable -pack ice: unpredictable both seasonally and annually |
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fasting
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-animals lower the Basal Metabolic Rate
-fat stores increases with body mass -large animals can fast longer |
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metabolic overhead
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-describes the way energy is distributed in an animal
-ex: distribution between maintenance metabolism and milk energy (in mom) or metabolism and growth (in pup) -at the start of lactation, all energy goes towards milk production. As lactation interval increases, amount of energy for milk production decreases and goes towards maternal metabolism. -at the end of lactation 100% maternal energy goes to metabolism, 0% to milk production -the observed ratio is 62:38 (metabolism:milk) -large size is advantageous to metabolic overhead |
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exceptions
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-australian sea lion: 18 month lactation, the only a-seasonal pinniped, potentially related to low nutrient, stable environment
-galapagos fur seal: 2-3 year lactation, gives birth annually (1 pup ends up dying) |
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cetacean reproductive patterns
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-mysticetes = capital provisioner: short lactation, fasts while lactating, rapid calf growth
-odontocetes = income provisioner: long lactation, feeds while lactating, slow calf growth |
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fundamental constraint of foraging behavior
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-returning to the surface to breathe
-phocids and odontocetes have highest dive duration and depths |
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aerobic dive limit (ADL)
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ADL = Oxygen stores/metabolic rate
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metabolic rate vs. math
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-positive relationship
-as mass increases so does metabolic rate and oxygen stores |