Lice

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Kingdom:

Phylum:

Class:

Order:

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Animalia

Arthropoda

Insecta

Phthiraptera

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Wings

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None

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Divisions

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Head, thorax, abdomen

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Body shape

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Dorso-ventrally flattened

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Number of segments in antennae

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3-5 segments

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Type of parasite

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Obligate, permanent parasite

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Specificity

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Host and site specific

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What is the claw size of a louse related to?

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Fibre diameter

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Can lice survive off a host?

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No, whole lifecycle is found on a host

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Pairs of legs

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3

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Life cycle

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Egg stuck to hair

No metamorphosis

3 nymphal stages

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Length of life cycle

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2-3 weeks

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Two taxonomic groups lice are divided into

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Anoplura

Mallophaga

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A = Anoplura

B = Mallophaga

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Anoplura: feeding strategy

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Sucking liceFeed on blood or tissue fluids

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Anoplura: # of segments on antennae

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5

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Anoplura: shape of head

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Longer than broad and pointed

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Anoplura: hosts

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Mammals only

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Anoplura: three families

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HaematopinidaeLinognathidaePediculidae

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Genera of Haematopinidae family

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Haematopinus

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Genera of Linognathidae family

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LinognathusSolenopotes

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Genera of Pediculidae family

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PediculusPhthirus

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Anoplura: habitat

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Coarse hairs (mane, tail)Eggs readily visible

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Anoplura: colour/size

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Large, black or blue

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Anoplura: transmission

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Contact

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Anoplura: treatment

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Topical or oral insecticide

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Mallophaga: feeding strategy

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Biting liceFeed on epidermis, feathers

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Mallophaga: shape of head

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Head broad, rounded

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Mallophaga: antennae

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Thin, 4-5 segments

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Mallophaga: hosts

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Mammals and birds

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Mallophaga: habitat

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Fine body hairsEggs concealed

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Mallophaga: colour/size

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Small, yellow

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Mallophaga: transmission

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Contact

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Mallophaga: treatment

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Topical only

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Mallophaga: Genera with Mammal hosts

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DamaliniaHeterodoxusTrichodectesFelicola

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Mallophaga: Genera with Bird hosts

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MenacanthusLipeurusGonioidesGoinocotes

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Lice of the sheep

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Body louse: Damalinia ovisFace louse: Linognathus ovillusFoot louse: Linognathus pedalis

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A = Damalinia ovis

B = Linognathus ovillus

C = Linognathus pedalis

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Damalinia ovis: features

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Small yellow louse30% properties affectedMedium rainfall areas

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Damalinia ovis: effect on host

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Feeds on stratum corneumHypersensitivityIrritation, rubbing"Pulled wool"Reduced wool production

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Damalinia ovis: diagnosis

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Find lice on sheepPart wool and lookMinimum detection level 1000 lice per sheepLice colonial and photophobic

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How long do D. ovis eggs take to hatch?

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10 days

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How long is the lifecycle of D. ovis?

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35 days

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How long can D. ovis live off the host?

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1 week

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What is D. ovis affected by?

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TemperatureMoistureSunlight

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Effect of temperature on D. ovis

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Optimum temperature 37 degAt low temperatures, eggs do not developAt high temperatures (above 39) few eggs are laidLower numbers in summer

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Effect of moisture on D. ovis

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If humidity > 90%, eggs do not hatchHeavy rain can kill eggs

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Effect of sunlight on D. ovis

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Exposure to sunlight kills liceShearing removes 30-50% of lice as lice are exposed to UV radiation

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When should D. ovis be treated chemically?

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After shearing

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What treatments are available?

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Dips: Organophosphates or synthetic pyrethroidsPour-ons: Synthetic pyrethroids

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Linognathus pedalis

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Large blue louseFeeds on bloodFound on feet, scrotum and bellyCan develop at lower temperatures than D. ovisAttaches eggs to coarser hairs than D. ovis

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What's special about L. pedalis?

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Can survive on pasture for 18 daysCan be transmitted through pasture

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Linognathus ovillus

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UncommonFound on face

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Lice of the goat

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Damalinia caprae Linognathus africanus & stenopsis

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Lice of the horse

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Body louse: Damalinia equiSucking louse: Haematopinus asini

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A = Damalinia equi

B = Haematopinus asini

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How is Damalinia equi transmitted?

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Contact

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How is Haematopinus asini transmitted?

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Riding and grooming equipment

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Damalinia equi

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Small yellow louseFound on sides of neck and flanks

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Haematopinus asini

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Large dark louseOccurs on coarser diameter hairsSpecies can survive away from host for several days

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A = Damalinia bovis

B = Haematopinus eurysternus

C = Solenopotes capillatus

D = Linognathus vituli

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Lice of cattle

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Body louse: Damalinia bovisSucking lice:Short nosed cattle louse: Haematopinus eurysternusTubercle bearing louse: Solenopotes capillatusLong nosed cattle louse: Linognathus vituli

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Cattle sucking lice

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Maximum numbers in winterFound on head, neck, back, tailCauses rubbingLarger numbers in sick animals

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Lice of the pig

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Sucking louse: Haematopinus suis

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Haematopinus suis

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Haematopinus suis

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Haematopinus suis: Lifecycle

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Eggs hatch 12-14 daysLice mature 12 days

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Haematopinus suis: size

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Very large, mistaken for a tick

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Haematopinus suis: pathogenesis

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May spread pig pox and swine feverCauses red welts on skin --> production loss

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Lice of the dog

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Trichodectes canisHeterodoxus spinigerLinognathus setosus

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A = Trichodectes canis

B = Linognathus setosus

C = Heterodoxus spiniger

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Pathogenesis of Trichodectes canis

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Can act as an intermediate host for the "flea tapeworm" D. caninum

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Lice of the cat

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Felicola subrostratus

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Felicola subrostratus

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Felicola subrostratus

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Biting lousePointed headSeen on aged or sick cats

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Significance of heavy lice infestation in cats

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May indicate underlying disease as cats are generally good groomers in health

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Lice of poultry

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Many genera, all bitingMenacanthus Stramineus most common

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A = Menacanthus Stramineus

B = Lipeuris caponis

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Pathogenesis of poultry lice

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IrritationFeather lossPoor growthReduced egg production

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Treatment of poultry lice

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Dust baths, aerosols, vaporisers

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Lice of humans

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Head/body louse: Pediculus humanus, Pediculus capitis

Pubic louse: Phthirus publis

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Pathogenesis of lice of humans

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Vectors of typhus