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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-fer
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bear; carry; produce
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ferro-
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iron
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fibr-
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fiber; thread
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-fid; fis-
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divided into; split
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-flect; flex
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bend
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flor-
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flower
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fluor-
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fluorine
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foli-
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leaf
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fract-
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break
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galact-; galax-
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milk; milky fluid
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gastro-
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stomach
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geo-
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earth; land
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-gen; -gine
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producer; former
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-gene, gene-
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origin
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-gest
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carry; produce
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glob-
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ball; round
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glottis
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mouth of windpipe
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-gon
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angle; corner
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-gony
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offspring; generation; coming into being
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Fossils
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a preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past
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Sedimentary rocks
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rock formed from sand and mud that once settled in layers on the bottom of seas, lakes, and marshes. Sedimentary rocks are often rich in fossils.
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Paleontology
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the scientific study of fossils
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Catatrophism
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the hypothesis by Georges Cuvier that each boundary between strata corresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought that had destroyed many of the species living there at that time
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Gradualism
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a view of Earth’s history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes
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Uniformitarism
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Charles Lyell’s idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth’s history
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Descent with modification
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Darwin’s initial phrase for the general process of evolution
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Artificial selection
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the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animal to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits
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Biogeography
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the study of the past and present distribution of species
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Homology
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similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
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Homologous Structures
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structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry
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Vestigial Organs
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structures of marginal, if any, importance to an organism. They are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors.
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Ontogeny
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the embryonic development of an organism
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Phylogeny
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the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
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Population Genetics
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the study of genetic changes in population; the science of micro evolutionary changes in populations
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Modern Synthesis
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a comprehensive theory of evolution emphasizing natural selection, gradualism, and populations as the fundamental units of evolutionary change; also called new-Darwinism
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Population
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a group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographic area
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Species
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a group whose members possesses similar anatomical characteristics and has the ability to interbreed
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Gene Pool
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the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time
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Genetic Structure
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to refer to a population’s frequencies of alleles and genotypes
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Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
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an axiom maintaining that the sexual shuffling of genes alone cannot alter the overall genetic makeup of a population
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Microevolution
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a change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation
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Bottleneck- Effect
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genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population
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Founder Effect
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genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population
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Gene Flow
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the alteration of the frequencies of alleles of particular genes in a population, resulting from interbreeding with organisms from another population having different frequencies
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-grade
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Step; Division
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-gram
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writing; record
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-graphy; -graph
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writing; record
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Grav-
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heavy
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Gross
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thick
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gymno-
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naked
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gyn-
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female
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gyr-
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ring; circle; spiral
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haem-; hem-
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blood
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hepat-
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liver
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herb-
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grass
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hetero-
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different; other
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hex-
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six
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hibern-
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winter
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Microevolution
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A change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation.
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Genetic Drift
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Changes in the gene pool of a small population at any one time.
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Inbreeding
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the interbreeding of closely related individuals especially to preserve and fix desirable characters of and to eliminate unfavorable characters from a stock
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Assortative Mating
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A type of nonrandom mating in which mating partners resemble each other in certain phenotypic characters
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Polymorphism
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The coexistence of two or more distinct forms of individuals (polymorphic characters) in the same population
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Geographical Variation
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differences in genetic structure between populations
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Cline
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Graded variation in some traits of individuals that parallels a gradient in the environment
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Balenced Polymorphism
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The ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population
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Heterozygote Advantage
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Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variations in gene pools
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Hybrid Vigor
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The greater strength apparent in the hybrids over either parent stock. This is most likely due to segregation of deleterious recessives that were homogenous in the inbred varieties and the heterozygote advantage at many loci in the hybrids.
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Frequency Dependent Selection
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A decline in the reproductive success of a morph resulting from the morph's phenotype becoming too common in a population; a cause of balanced polymorphism in populations
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Neutral Variation
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Genetic diversity that confers no apparent selective advantage
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Darwinian Fitness
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The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals
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Relative Fitness
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The contribution of one genotype to the next generation compared to that of alternative genotypes for the same locus
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Stabilizing Selection
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Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
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Directional Selection
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Natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range
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Diversifying Selection
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Natural selection that favors extreme over intermediate phenotypes.
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Sexual Dimorphism
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A special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females.
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Sexual Selection
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Selection based on variation in secondary characteristics, leading to the enhancement of sexual dimorphism.
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Speciation
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the origin of new species in evolution
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Anagensis
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a pattern of evolutionary change involving the transformation of an entire population, sometimes to a state different enough from the ancestral population to justify renaming it as a separate species; also called phyletic evolution.
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Phyletic Evolution
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a pattern of evolutionary change involving the transformation of an entire population, sometimes to a state different enough from the ancestral population to justify renaming it as a separate species (aka anagensis)
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Cladogenesis
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A pattern of evolution change that produces biological diversity by budding one or more newspecies from a parent species that continues to exist; also called branching evolution.
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Branching Evolution
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A pattern of evolution change that produces biological diversity by budding one or more newspecies from a parent species that continues to exist; also called branching evolution (aka cladogenesis)
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