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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is anatomy?
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- describes structures of body
-what they are made of -where they are located - associated structures |
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what is physiology?
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- study of functions of anatomical structures
- independent and coopertive functions |
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the relationship between structures and functions
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- all physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures
- what a structure can do is depent on its structural make up. |
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gross or macroscopic anatomy
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examine large, visible structures
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surface anatomy
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exterior features
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regional anatomy
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body areas
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systemic anatomy
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groups of organs working together
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developmental anatomy
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from egg (embryology) to maturity
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clinical anatomy
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medical specialties
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microscopic anatomy
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examine cells molecules
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cytology
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cells and their structures
cyt= cells |
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histology
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tissues and their structures
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(specialties of physiology)
cell physiology |
processes within and between cells
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special physiology
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functions of special organs
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systemic physiology
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functions of an organ system
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pathological physiology
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effect of diseases
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how are living things organized??
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from simple to complex
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atoms (1)
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are the smallest chemical units
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molecules (2)
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are a group of atoms working together
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organelles (3)
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are a group of molecules working together
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cells (4)
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are a group of molecules working together
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tissues (5)
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are a group of similar cells working together
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organs (6)
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are a group of different tissues working together
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organ system
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are a group of organs working together
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organelles (3)
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are a group of molecules working together
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cells (4)
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are a group of molecules working together
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tissues (5)
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are a group of similar cells working together
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organs (6)
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are a group of different tissues working together
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organ system (7)
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are a group of organs working together
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organism (8)
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is an individual
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protein molecules
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chemical level
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protein filaments
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organelle level
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muscle cells
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cellular level
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cardiac muscle tissue
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tissue level
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heart
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organelle level
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11 organ and levels or organization
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- integumentary
- skeletal - muscular - nervous - endocrine - cardiovascular - lymphatic - respiratory - digestive - urinary - reproductive |
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what is homeostasis?
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- the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment regardless of the external environment
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what is homeostasis regulation?
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- the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis.
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mechanisms of regulation
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- autoregulation (intrinsic) (automatic responses in a cell, tissue or organ
- Extrensic regulation (responses controlled by nervous and endocrine sytems |
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what are the anatomical terms used to describe body sections, and regions?
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- anatomical position (hands at sides, palms forward)
- supine ( lying down, face up/ on back) - prone ( lying down, face down/ on stomach) |
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quadrants and regions
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- abdominopelvic quadrants ( around umbilicus
- 9 abdominopelvic regions ( internal organs are associated with abdominopelvic regions |
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what hare the major body cavities and the subdivisions?
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- coelom ( divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity)
- cranial cavity (houses brain) - spinal cavity (houses spinal cord) * BOTH LOCATED DORSAL |
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isolating the organs
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- serious membranes ( consists or parietal layer and visceral layer
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what is the study of life?
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- biology
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anatomy is to ....... as physiology is to .......
(FILL IN THE BLANKS) |
- (anatomy) structure
- (physiology) functions |
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locomotion and heat production are the function of the??
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- muscular system
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kidneys and urinary bladder are functions of what system?
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- urinary system
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skin, hair, nails, are part of what system?
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- integumentary system
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what means maintenance if the environment?
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- homeostasis
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when the body temperature rises, a center in the brain reacts to stops the problem. what is this called?
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- negative feedback
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wrist is .... to elbow
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- distal
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chest is.... to umbilicus
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- superior
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planes of body figure
(chapter one study guide packet) |
- frontal (1)
- transverse(2) - saggital(3) |
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regional body references figure
(chapter one study guide packet) |
- cephalon (1)
- acromial (2) - dorsum (3) - lumbar (4) - gluteus (5) - pupliteus (6) - sura (7) - axilla (8) - brachium (9) - abdominal (10) - femur (11) - oculus (12) - oral (13) - cervicis (14) - thorax (15) - antecubitis (16) - umbilicus (17) - pubis (18) - palmar (19) patella (20) |
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human body orientation and direction figure
(chapter one study guide packet) |
- superior (1)
- dorsal (2) - interior (3) - distal (4) - proximal (5) - anterior (6) |
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body cavities- sagittal view figure
(chapter one study guide packet) |
- ventral (1)
- pleural (2) - diaphragm (3) - abdominal (4) - pelvic (5) - cranial (6) - spinal (7) - dorsal (8) |
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body cavities- anterior view figure
(chapter one study guide packet) |
- left pleural cavity (1)
- pericardial cavity (2) - right pleural cavity (3) - diaphragm (4) - abdominopelvic cavity (5) |
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maintaining normal limits
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- receptor (monitors the environment; detects changes)
- control center (processes the signal and sends instructions) - effectors(carries out instructions) |
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negative feedback
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- the response of the effector negates the stimulus
- the original stimulus is either shut off or reduced in intensity |
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positive feedback
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- the response of the effector reinforces the stimulus
- positive means that the change occurs in the direction of the original stimulus |
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key concepts
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- homeostasis is a state of equilibrium
- opposing forces in balance - physiological systems work to restore balance - failure results in disease or death. |
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cephalon
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- head
- cephalic region |
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cervicis
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- neck
- cervical region |
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thoracis
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- thorax or chest
- thoracic region |
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brachium
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- arm
- brachial region |
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antebrachium
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- forearm
- antebrachial region |
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carpus
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- wrist
- carpal region |
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manus
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- hands
- manual region |
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abdomen
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- abs
- abdominal region |
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lumbus
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- loin
- lumbar region |
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gluteus
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- buttocks
- gluteal region |
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pelvis
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- pelvis
- pelvic region |
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pubis
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- anterior pelvis
- pubic region |
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inguen
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- groin
- inguinal region |
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femur
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- thigh
- femoral region |
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crus
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- anterior leg
- crural region |
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sura
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- calf
- sural region |
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tarsus
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- ankle
- tarsal region |
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pes
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- foot
- pedal region |
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planta
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- sole
- plantar region |
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anterior
( in textbook table 1-3) |
- the front; before
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ventral
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- the belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to human body)
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posterior or dorsal
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- the back; behind
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cranial or cephalic
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- the head
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superior
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- above at a higher level (in human body, toward the head)
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caudal
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- the tail (coccyx in humans)
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inferior
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- below; at a lower level
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medial
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- toward the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane
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lateral
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-away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane
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proximal
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- toward an attached base
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distal
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- away from an attached base
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superficial
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- at, near, or relatively close to the body surface
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deep
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- farther from the body surface
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