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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the parasympathetic vs sympathetic stimulations of the digestive tract?
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Parasympathetic stimulation - stimulates peristalsis and inhibits the sphincter mm. - meaning that it loosens the constriction of the muscle.
Sympathetic - inhibits peristalsis and activates the sphincter mm. |
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What's the myenteric plexus?
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Otherwise known as Auerbach's plexus - it's the tunica muscularis part of the enteric nervous system. It's responsible for peristaltic motility of the digestive tract.
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What's the enteric nervous system?
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The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System, that directly controls the gastrointestinal system. Includes the myenteric and submucosal plexus.
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What's the submucosal plexus?
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In the tunica submucosa. Part of the enteric nervous system. It's the "island" of cells between the large "bubbles" and, what looks to be skeletal muscle.
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Where is the oropharanyx? What epithelium covers it?
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The oropharynx goes from the buccal cavity to the esophagus. It is below the soft palate.
Stratified squamous epithelium covers the oropharynx. |
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What epithelium lines the stomach?
What plexus in the enteric nervous system lays in the tunica submucosa? The tunica muscularis? |
Simple columnar epithelium.
The tunica submucosa is in the submucosal plexus. The tunica muscularis is in the myenterica plexus. |
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Gastric pits vs gastric glands
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Gastric pits vary in depth depending on the specific region of the stomach. Gastric glands open at the end of the gastric pits.
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What do the glands of the stomach have in common?
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All glands are branched, tubular, coiled (but more coiled in the cardiac region than the fundic region) - the neck varies in location from the gastric pit opening.
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APUD cells - what's another name for them?
Are they endocrine or exocrine? |
These cells are also called argentaffin, because they take up silver stain.
They are endocrine cells. |
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Why does the cell surface of the cardiac region of the stomach look "foamy"?
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It has many goblet cells.
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In the fundic gland region, what do the parietal cells do? How do they stain?
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The parietal cells move the HCl in such a way that they still stain acidophilic.
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T/F the glands in the fundic region secrete mucous.
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F. They secret mucUs.
You can see the chief cells (the predominant cell top in the slide, at the bottom half of the slide) staining basophilically in this slide. |
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The parietal cells have "V" structure within them - what is that?
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The "V" is where they release their digestive enzymes from.
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What is the pyloric sphincter an enlargement of?
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The tunica muscularis of the pylorus.
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What is this a slide of? What do the cells in this slide secrete? What is the epithelium?
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This is a slide of the pyloric region - everything in this slide secretes mucus. The epithelium is mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium.
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What are the three forestomachs? Are they glandular? Which part of the forestomach is keratinized?
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The forestomachs are the: rumen, reticulum and omasum.
The forestomachs are not glandular. The rumen is keratinized, but the omasum is not. |
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What is the "true" stomach in a ruminant?
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The abomasum is the "true" stomach of the ruminant.
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Is there muscularis mucosa in the rumen?
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No, there is lamina propria submucosa. There is a fairly large tunica muscularis.
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What distinguishes a pillar from the surrounding epithelium in the rumen?
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The papillae project from the cutaneous mucous membrane - the pillars lack papillae.
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Is there lamina muscularis mucosa or lamina propria submucosa in the reticulum?
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The reticulum is the honeycomb looking part of the forestomach. There is lamina muscularis mucosa in the primary or secondary reticular folds (or papillae), but below the folds, there is still lamina propria submucosa.
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What is this a picture of? What is MM?
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This is a slide of the reticulum. MM - is the lamina muscularis mucosa.
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What is this a picture of?
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This is a picture of the reticulum of the forestomach. You can see primary and secondary folds here.
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How do the laminae differ in the omasum?
Where are the lamina muscularis and tunica muscularis. |
They are referred to as "the book", because they are much larger - they have both lamina muscularis and tunica muscularis.
The tunica muscularis pushes the lamina muscularis out the finger of the fold in front of it. This results in a central core of tunica muscularis in the laminae. |
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Compare and contrast C and F.
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In C - you see villi. This is representative of small intestine.
In F - there are no villi or extensions past the surface, as the surface is defined as the tops of the rugae. This is representative of large intestine. |
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What are the modifications to the luminal surface of the small intestine?
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The plicae circulares allows the small intestine to telescope out.
The microvilli are a cellular modification off the villi. |
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What are plica circulares?
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A mucosal fold. The villi come off of the fold.
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In the duodenum, what do the villi and glands look like?
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The villi are regularly spaced, uniform and blunt.
The glands make alkaline secretions (Brunner's glands). These submucosal glands are the major characteristic of the duodenum. |
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What is this a picture of?
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Villi in the jejunum.
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Which part of the digestive tract is this a picture of? How do the villi compare to the duodenum?
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This is a slide of the jejunum. The villi are thinner, smaller, and fewer than the duodenum, though it is similar. There are prominent plicae circulares.
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What is the distinguishing characteristic of the ileum?
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Peyer's patches - aggregates of lymphoid nodules. You can see a patch below the villi in this slide.
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What are intestinal crypts?
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The crypts are invaginations of the epithelium at the base of the villi that secrete various components of the interstitial "juice". eww.
The bright red cells here are the Paneth cells that secrete bacteriocidal lysozymes. |
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Are there villi in the large intestine?
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NO! God no! Please, remember, there are no villi in the large intestine.
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Where is the surface of the large intestine?
What do the longitudinal folds allow for compared to the small intestine? |
The surface of the large intestine is on the top of the projections shown. It is for this reason that there are NO villi in the large intestine.
The longitudinal folds allow for expansion longitudinally instead of outward like the plica ciruclaris in the small intestine. |
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What are these thickened, flat, longitudinally oriented bands of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?
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The cecum.
Since it's part of the large intestine, there are no villi. |
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Are there micovilli in the colon?
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Yes - there are microvilli, but there are no villi, as this is part of the large intestine.
There are absorptive cells, goblet cells, and regenerating cells in the crypts. There is a prominent lamina muscularis mucosa as well as tunica submucosa. |
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What are taeniae coli?
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The flat, longitudinally oriented bands of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in the colon.
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What does the rectum have more of, goblet cells or villi?
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Dude - totally goblet cells (it has lots of those to ... ahem, ease the way out), but as it's part of the large intestine, we should know that it has no villi anyway. The folds shown are to allow the rectum to expand.
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What does the inner layer of the tunica muscularis become at the rectoanal junction?
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It becomes the internal anal sphincter.
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What is the black arrow pointing to?
What are the blue and red arrows indicating? |
The black arrow is pointing to the rectoanal junction.
The blue arrow is indicating the rugae and villi-free area of the rectum. The red line shows the transition to stratified squamous eptithelium of the anus. |
