Leslie - Gross Anatomy - Epaxial Muscles And Structures Of The Trunk And Neck

Front 1

Three muscle systems of epaxial muscles

Back 1

I love tacos!
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Transversospinalis

Front 2

Innervation of epaxial muscles

Back 2

Dorsal brs. of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 3

Action of epaxial muscles

Back 3

Extensors of the vertebral column (neck, trunk, tail); produce lateral movements when acting on one side

Front 4

What is the most lateral epaxial muscle system?

Back 4

The iliocostalis system

Front 5

What muscles make up the iliocostalis system?

Back 5

Iliocostalis lumborum m. and Iliocostalis thoracis m.

Front 6

What are the actions and innervations of the Iliocostalis system?

Back 6

Innervation: Dorsal branches of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

Action: Fixation of the vertebral column; lateral movement when one side contracts; aids in expiration by pulling the ribs caudally

Front 7

What muscles make up the longissimus system?

Back 7

Longissimus thoracis et lumborum m.
Longissimus cervicis m.
Longissimus capitis m.
(+/- Longissimus atlantis m.)

Front 8

Which muscle in the longissimus system is only present in 20% of dogs?

Back 8

Longissimus atlantis m.

Front 9

What are the innervations of the longissimus system?

Back 9

Dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 10

Which muscle in the lumbar and thoracic regions is the strongest in the trunk?

Back 10

Longissimus thoracis et lumborum m.

Front 11

What muscle is longissimus thoracis et lumborum fused to?

Back 11

Iliocostalis m.

Front 12

What is the action of longissimus capitis m?

Back 12

It extends the atlanto-occipital joint, head and neck. It's one of the muscles that dogs will use to star gaze.

Front 13

What is the action of longissimus cervicis m?

Back 13

It extends the neck; unilaterally raises the neck obliquely and turns it to one side. Or as I call it, the "Look, a squirrel! (above and obliquely off to the side)" muscle

Front 14

What are muscles 3 (red), 4 (green), 5 (purple)?

Back 14

3. Longissimus capitis m.
4. Longissimus cervicis m.
5. Longissimus thoracis m.

Front 15

What is the most medial and deep epaxial muscle system?

Back 15

Transversospinalis system

Front 16

What muscles make up the transversospinalis system?
(there are 6 that we need to know, 4 that will just impress the socks off of your friends if you know)

Back 16

6 we need to know: Splenius m., Semispinalis capitis m., Rectus capitis dorsalis m, Obliquus capitis caudalis m., Obliquus capitis cranialis m., spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis m.

The 4 hotties: Multifidus m. (aka, the guess to whatever bonus question she asks), Rotatores mm, Interspinales mm., Intertransversarii mm.

Front 17

Describe Splenius m. in 3 words (other than "best muscle ever").

Back 17

Flat, triangular-shaped muscle

Front 18

What is the action of splenius m?

Back 18

It extends and raises the head and neck; unilaterally draws the head and neck laterally (like doing the Egyptian).

Front 19

If you were an herbivore, where would your trachealis m be?

Back 19

Inside the cartilage rings of the trachea.

Carnivores - outside the ring

Front 20

What innervates the Transversospinalis system?

Back 20

Dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 21

What muscles make up semispinalis capitis m?

Back 21

Biventer cervicis m.
Complexus

Front 22

What is the action of spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis m?

Back 22

Fixes the thoracic vertebral column and raises the neck.

Front 23

What are the deep epaxial muscles of the transversospinalis system? (4)

Back 23

Multifidus m., rotatores m., interspinales mm., intertransversarii mm.

Front 24

What are the actions of rectus capitis dorsalis and obliquus capitis cranialis?

Back 24

To extend the atlanto-occipital joint

Front 25

Rectus?

Back 25

Damn near killed us.

Front 26

How many portions does the rectus capitis dorsalis have? And for major points, what are they?

Back 26

Three
Major, intermediate, minor

Front 27

T/F Both obliquus capitis cranialis m. and obliquus capitis caudalis m. attach to the wing of the atlas?

Back 27

True

Front 28

How many actions does obliquus capitis caudalis have? What are they?

Back 28

Two
Unilaterally, it rotates the atlas on the axis.
Bilaterally, it fixes the atlantoaxial joint but good.

Front 29

What is the defining line between epaxial and hypaxial muscle?

Back 29

The transverse processes of the vertebral column

Front 30

You come home from being at school for 14 hours, per usual. Your dogs are very happy to see you. They show their love by beating you with their tails. What caudal muscles are they employing?

Back 30

Dorsomedial sacrocaudalis m.
Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m.
Dorsal caudal intertransversarius m.
Ventromedial sacrocaudalis m.
Ventrolateral sacrocaudalis m.
Ventral caudal intertransversarius m.

Front 31

What does the longissimus m. continue into?

Back 31

Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m.

Front 32

What does multifidus m. continue into?

Back 32

Dorsomedial sacrocaudalis m.

Front 33

Locate the two additional tail muscles, coccygeus m. and levator ani m. in this picture.

Back 33

Good job! You've just gotten one step closer to possibly answering a bonus question right!

Front 34

What are the dorsal and ventral boundaries to the external jugular vein?

Back 34

Dorsal - brachiocephalicus m.
Ventral - Sternocephalicus m.

Front 35

The joining of what forms the external jugular vein?

Back 35

The maxillary and linguofacial veins

Front 36

The linguofacial vein is formed by the joining of what?

Back 36

The lingual and facial veins.

Front 37

What does the venuous hyoid arch span in the dog? In the cat?

Back 37

Dog - connects the right and left lingual veins
Cat - connects the right and left linguofacial veins

Front 38

What are the four components of the carotid sheath?

Back 38

1. Common carotid artery
2. Internal jugular vein
3. Vagosympathetic trunk
4. Tracheal lymphatic ducts

Front 39

What does the tracheal lymphatic duct drain? Where does it drain into? What structure does it course within?

Back 39

It drains lymph from the head and neck.
It drains into the venous system cranial to the heart.
It courses within the carotid sheath.

Front 40

What muscle forms the dorsal part of the trachea? What is dorsal to it?
What kind of muscle is it?

Back 40

Trachealis m.
The esophagus is dorsal to it.
It is smooth muscle.

Front 41

Where is the thyroid gland located? Can you find it on this picture?

Back 41

Located lateral to the trachea, caudal to larynx

On that slide, it is midway on the neck, ventral to the external jugular.

Front 42

What epaxial muscles aid in expiration?

Back 42

Only iliocostalis m.

Front 43

What are the origins and insertions of the major and intermediate portions of Rectus capitis dorsalis m?

Back 43

Course from the spinous process of the axis (C2) to the occipital bone

Front 44

What are the origins and insertions of the minor portion of Rectus capitis dorsalis m?

Back 44

Courses from the dorsal arch of the atlas (C1) to the occipital bone

Front 45

What are the origins and insertions of obliquus capitis cranialis?

Back 45

From the lateral surface of the wing of the atlas (C1) to the mastoid process and nuchal crest of the skull

Front 46

What are the origins and insertions of obliquus capitis caudalis?

Back 46

From the spinous process and caudal articular process of the axis (C2) to the wing of the atlas (C1)