Lehninger Biochemistry - Ch. 1 - Foundations Of Biochemistry

Front 1

Metabolite

Back 1

A chemical intermediate in the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of metabolism

Hint 1

p. 3, 13-14, 486

Secondary, p. 13

Front 2

Nucleus

Back 2

In eukaryotes, a membrane-bounded organelle that contains chromosomes

Hint 2

p. 3, 3f

Targeting 1104, 1105f

Front 3

Genome

Back 3

All the genetic information encoded in a cell or virus

Hint 3

p. 3, 33

Annotated genome (p. 34)
Bacterial genome (949, 950f)
Sequencing of bacterial genome (323)
Components of (323, 952)
Eukaryotic (949-951)
Evolution of (33-36)
Mapping of (317-324)
Sequencing of (33-35, 317-324)
Synteny in (325)
Viral (947, 949, 950)
Yeast (949, 950)

Front 4

Eukaryote

Back 4

A unicellular or multicellular organism with cells having a membrane-bound nucleus, multiple chromosomes, and internal organelles

Hint 4

p. 3

Cell structures (6-9)
Evolution of (33)
DNA of (949-951)

Front 5

Prokaryote

Back 5

A term used historically to refer to any species in the kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea. The differences between bacteria (formerly referred to as 'Eubacteria"0 and archaea are sufficiently great that the inclusive term is of marginal usefulness. A tendency to use "prokaryote" when referring only to bacteria is common and misleading; "prokaryote" also implies an ancestral relationship to eukaryotes, which is incorrect. IN this text, "prokaryote" and "prokaryotic" are no longer used

Hint 5

p. 3

Front 6

Bacteria

Back 6

One of the 5 kindgoms of living organisms; bacteria have a plasma membrane but no internal organelles or nucleus

Hint 6

p. 4-5

amino acids of (877-878)
anaeorobic (631)
antibiotic-resistant (217-218, 400, 949)
Cell structure (5-7)
Cell walls (249, 797)
Cellulose synthesis (797)
DNA replication (977-991)
Endosymbiotic (33-34, 739, 761, 762)
Evolution of (32-33, 761-764)
Fatty acid synthesis (806-811, 815)
Gene regulation (1126-1136)
Genes (952)
Genetic map (976)
Glycogen Synthesis (792)
Gram -/+ (5)
Photochemical Reaction Center (749-751, 376, 377)
Halophilic (ATP synthesis) (762-764
Lectins (260, 262)
LPS (256-257)
Nitogren-fixing (856-857)
Nucleoids (970)
Peptidoglycan (796-797)
Potassium Channels (408-409)
Signaling (547-459)
Structure (5-7)

Front 7

Archaea

Back 7

One of the five kingdoms of living organisms; includes many species that thrive in extreme environments of high ionic strength, high temperature, or low pH

Hint 7

p. 4-5

Membrane lipids (352-353)

Front 8

Cytoskeleton

Back 8

The filamentous network that provides structure and organization to the cytoplasm; includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Hint 8

p. 8-10

Front 9

Stereoisomers

Back 9

Compounds that have the same composition and the same order of atomic connections but differ in molecular arrangements

Hint 9

p. 15, 72-74

Nomenclature (17)
Optical Activity (17, 73)

Front 10

Configuration

Back 10

The spatial arrangement of an organic molecule that is conferred by the presence of either (1) double bonds, about which there is no freedom of rotation, or (2) chiral centers, around which substituent groups are arranged in a specific sequence. Configurational isomers cannot be interconverted without breaking one or more covalent bonds.

Hint 10

p. 15

Isomeric (15-18)
vs. Conformation (239)

Front 11

Entropy

Back 11

The extent of randomness or disorder in a system (S)

Hint 11

p. 20-22, 490

Protein stability (p. 114-115)
Solubility (47, 49)

Front 12

Enthalpy

Back 12

The heat content of system (H)

Hint 12

p. 22, 490-491

Front 13

Free-Energy Change

Back 13

The amount of free energy released (negative) or absorbed (positive) in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure (delta G)

Hint 13

p. 23-24, 186-187, 490

ATP hydrolysis (502-504)
Carbohydrate metabolism (575)
Electrochemical Gradient (720)
Enzymatic Reactions (23-24, 186-192)
Esterification (493)
Glycolytic Reactions in Erythrocytes (p. 553)
Membrane Transport (396)
Protein Synthesis (1095)

Front 14

Endergonic Reaction

Back 14

A chemical reaction that consumes energy (that is, for which the free-energy change is positive)

Hint 14

p. 22-25

Coupled with Exergonic Reactions (p. 22-24)

Front 15

Exergonic Reaction

Back 15

A chemical reaction that proceeds with the release of free energy (that is, for which the free-energy is negative)

Hint 15

p. 22-25

Citric Acid Cycle (636-637)
Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyrubate (553-557)
Coupled with Endergonic Reactions (22-24)

Front 16

Equilibrium

Back 16

The state of a system in which no further net change is occurring; the free energy is at a minimum

Hint 16

p. 23

Front 17

Standard Free Energy Change

Back 17

The free energy change for a reaction occurring under a set of standard conditions: temperature, 298 K; pressure, 1atm (101.3 kPa); and all solutes at 1M concentration.

Delta G prime denotes the standard free-energy change at pH 7.0 in 55.5 M water

Hint 17

p. 24, 186-187

Acid Anhydride (493)
Additive (494-495)
Amide (493)
ATP synthesis (725-726)
Biochemical (186)
Concentration Dependent (491-494)
Electron Transfer (718-720)
Equilibrium Constant (188, 491-493)
Peptides (493)
pH (493)

Front 18

Activation Energy

Back 18

The amount of energy in joules required to convert all the molecules in 1 mol of a reacting substance from the ground state to the transition state

Hint 18

p. 25, 187

Enzymatic Reactions (187)
Membrane Transport (390-391)
Rate Constant (188)

Front 19

Catabolism

Back 19

The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-yielding degradation of nutrient molecules

Hint 19

p. 25, 26, 487

Amino Acid (673-674, 687-702)
Glucose (539-541)
Protein, fat, carbohydrates (616)
Purine Nucleotide (892-893)
Pyrimidine (892-893)

Front 20

Anabolism

Back 20

The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-requiring biosynthesis of cell components from smaller precursors

Hint 20

p. 25, 26, 487

Citric Acid Cycle (p. 631, 632)

Front 21

Metabolism

Back 21

The entire set of enzyme-catalyzed transformations of organic molecules in living cells; the sum of anabolism and catabolism

Hint 21

p. 24, 486

Front 22

Systems Biology

Back 22

The study of complex biochemical systems, integrating the functions of several to all of the macromolecules in a cell (RNA, DNA, proteins)

Hint 22

p. 26, 324

Front 23

Mutation

Back 23

An inheritable change in the nucleotide sequence of a chromosome

Hint 23

p. 29, 289, 947, 993