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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 laws that are the foundation of how we can learn crime as set out by Gabriel Tarde? |
Law of close contact, law of imitation by superiors, law of insertion. |
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Explain the two concepts of Sutherland's Differential Association theory. |
Content: what is learned - includes techniques for committing crime, appropriate motives, rationalisations and definitions favourable or unfavourable to law. These are 'ideas' rather than behaviour. Proces: how does learning take place - involves intimate associate with others in groups |
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What is Aker's Social Learning Theory? |
Criminal behaviour is learned in both social situations and non-social situations (such as watching TV and observing from a distance). |
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What is the Subculture of Violence according to Wolfgang and Ferracuti? |
Some cultures are more accepting of violence than others - manifests itself in embracing violence to socialise children, resolve disputes, etc. |
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What are Control Theories? |
Control theories asks the question of why DON'T we commit crime rather than why do we - why do people conform to the law. |
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What are the 5 techniques of neutralisation as set out by Matza? |
Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of condemners, appealing to higher loyalties. |
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What is Hirschi's Social Control Theory? |
Deviance occurs because a person is free to commit delinquent acts because his ties to the conventional order have somehow been broken. |
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What are the elements of Hirschi's Social Bonds? |
Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. |
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What is Thornberry's Interactional Theory? |
Reduced social constraints can lead to delinquency, but delinquency still requires an interactive setting in which it is both learned and performed. |
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What are Emile Durkheim's beliefs about crime? |
Crime is that which is punished; crime is normal and evident in all societies; society exempt from crime is utterly impossible. |
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What is the function of solidarity in relation to crime according to Durkheim? |
Crime occurs and leads to a sense of outrage, leads to collective action which will invoke punishment, when it is satisfied, it will reproduce solidarity. |
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How does crime occur as a result of Anomie? |
The move from a collective society to unfettered individualism - the state of normlessness, when behaviours are confused, unclear or not present. A breakdown of rules guiding interaction. |
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What are the differences between Durkheim's theory of Anomie and Merton's theory of Social Structure and Anomie? |
Durkheim - Anomie = a state of normlessness caused by a lack of regulation in modernising societies. Merton - mismatch between common social goals and the legitimate means to attain these goals. |
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What are Merton's 5 adaptations to social-structural strain? |
Conformity, innovation (anomie), ritualism, retreatism, rebellionism. |
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What are Cloward & Ohlin's collective adaptations to strain? |
Criminal subcultures - has opportunity, classic gang type behaviours; conflict subcultures - no opportunities, violent behaviour; retreatist subcultures - drop out, hang out. |
