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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the study of the structure of an organism
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Anatomy
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the study of the functions of an organism
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Physiology
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the study of genes in an organism
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Genetics
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Three types of anatomy:
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1. Gross/macroscopic anatomy
2. Microscopic anatomy 3. Developmental anatomy |
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the study of anatomical structures that can, when suitably presented or dissected, be seen by unaided vision with the naked eye
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Gross/ Macro Anatomy
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the study of minute anatomical structures on a microscopic scale. It includes histology (the study of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).
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Microscopic Anatomy
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How an organism grows and changes from conception up through maturity
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Developmental
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What is a subset of developmental anatomy?
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Embryology
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In humans, 6 days to two months after fertilization
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embryology
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List the levels of body organization
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1. atom
2. molecule 3. cells 4. tissues 5. organ 6. organ system 7. organism |
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made up of subatomic particles (protons, electrons, and neutrons)
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atom
*Ex: hydrogen atom, mercury atom |
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made up of two or more atoms
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molecule
*Ex: Water, protein, nucleic acids |
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simplest unit of life; made up of different molecules
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cells
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Different types of cells (tissues) INTERACTING to perform a specific function
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organ
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Different organs interacting to perform certain specific functions
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organ systems
*Ex: Digestive System |
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A completely independent, living object
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organism
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The 6 important life processes in humans:
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1. Metabolism
2. Growth (cell/organism) 3. Movement 4. Responsiveness 5. Differentiation 6. Reproduction |
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Breaking down and synthesizing. The combined chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy.
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Metabolism
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how an organism responds to external stimuli
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Responsiveness
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Cells divide and separate into special cell types
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Differentiation
*Ex: muscle cell, epithelial, etc. |
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5 Requirements of an organism:
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1. water
2. food 3. oxygen 4. heat 5. pressure |
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the most common chemical in an organism
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water
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What is water required for?
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- metabolic processes
- transport of substances - maintaining body temperatures |
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Required for:
-metabolic processes - transport of substances - maintaining body temperatures |
water
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What does food provide the body with?
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- necessary nutrients
- energy - raw chemical material |
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What percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen?
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1/5 of the atmosphere
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Needed to release energy from nutrients
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oxygen
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type of energy that partly controls our metabolic rate
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heat
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applying a force to an object
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pressure
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atmospheric pressure:
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keeps us breathing
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hydrostatic pressure:
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keeps our blood flowing
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what are the two hypes of pressure?
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1. atmospheric
2. hydrostatic |
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Equillibrium in the body's internal environment due to regulatory processes
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homeostatis
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range of temps that your body is okay with
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homeostatic range
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Homeostasis is constantly being disrupted by:
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1. internal factors (blood sugar levels)
2. external factors (weather/sweat) |
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What happens if there is a prolonged or intense disruption in homeostasis?
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you could become dizzy and have a hard time functioning, or even rupture an artery
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The endocrine and nervous system often work to restore _______.
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homeostasis
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A cycle of events in which the status of a body system is monitored, evaluated, and changed if need be
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feedback system
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3 components of a feedback system:
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1. Receptor
2. Control Center (Brain) 3. Effector |
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Monitors changes in controlled conditions and sends input to the control center
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Receptor
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-Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained
- Evaluates the input send and sends a response when needed |
Control Center
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Receives info from the control center and produces a response that affects the controlled condition
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Effector
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Reverses changes in a controlled condition
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Negative Feedback
*The effector receives information from the control center which stimulates it to return the controlled condition to normal values |
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Increases the change in one of the body's controlled conditions
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Positive Feedback
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What is an example of positive feedback?
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Pregnant women releasing too much oxytocin
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Occurs when one or more components of the body loses the ability to control homeostasis
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homeostatic imbalance
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What is an example of a homeostatic imbalance?
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heart failure
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Abnormality of a function
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disorder
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specific term for an illness characterized by specific signs and symptoms
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disease
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Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (e.g., nausea)
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Symptoms
*Things your patient can tell you about, but are not measurable |
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Subjective changes in body functions that are apparent to an observer
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Signs
*Can observe (e.g., body feels warm, measure temperature) |
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Science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted
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Epidemology
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The science that deals with the effects and the uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
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Pharmacology
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Pertaining to the head, neck, and trunk (contains major body cavities)
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Axial Portion
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upper and lower limbs
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Appendicular Portion
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3 body positions:
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1. Anatomical Position
2. Prone 3. Supine |
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standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing foward
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Standard Anatomical Position
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face down
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Prone
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Face up/Palms up
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Supine
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Above another part or towards the head
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Superior
*E.g., the nose is superior to the mouth |
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Below another body part or toward the feet
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Inferior
*E.g., the nose is inferior to the eyes |
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Toward the front
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Anterior or Ventral
*E.g., the nose is anterior (ventral) to the brain |
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Toward the back
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Posterior or Dorsal
*E.g, the vertebral column is posterior/dorsal to the heart |
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Closer to the midline than another body part
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Medial
*E.g, the nose is medial to the eyes |
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Toward the size with respect to the midline
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Lateral
*E.g., the ears are lateral to the nose |
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Close to the point of attachment of a limb, such as shoulder or hip
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Proximal
*E.g., the knee is proximal to the ankle |
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Farther from the point of attachment of a lim, such as the shoulders or hip
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Distal
*E.g., fingers are distal to the wrist |
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An imaginary line dividing the body into equal right and left halves
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Median or Midline
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Located on the SAME SIDE of the body
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Ipsilateral
*E.g., the stomach and spleen are ipsilateral |
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Located on OPPOSITE SIDES of the body
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Contralateral
*E.g., the gallbladder and speen *E.g., left lung and right lung |
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Located near the surface
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Superficial
*E.g., the epidermis is the superficial layer of skin |
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Located away from the surface in a more internal position
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Deep
*The dermis is the deep layer of skin |
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Located outward, near the surface, and used to describe the locations of certain blood vessels and neurons
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Peripheral
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Cut which divides body into left and right
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Sagittal
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Cut which divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves at the median or midline
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Midsagittal Section
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Cut which divides the body into unequal right and left portions and is lateral to the midline (NOT EQUAL)
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Parasagittal Section
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Cut which divides the body into superior and inferior positions
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Transverse or Horizontal
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Cut which divides the body into anterior/ventral or posterior/dorsal positions
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Frontal or Coronal
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Cut across the short axis of a cylindrical organ
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Cross Section
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A cut an angle through a cylindrical organ
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Oblique Section
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A cut along the axis of a cylindrical organ
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Longitudinal Section
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List the regional names:
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-Head
-Neck -Trunk -Groin -Upper limbs -Lower limbs |
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What is the point of attachment from interior trunk and limbs?
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Groin
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3 tissue layers which surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
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meninges
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brain
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cranial cavity
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spine
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vertebral cavity
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Consists of the posterior surface of the body, cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, and meninges
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Dorsal Body Cavity
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Consists of the Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavities
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Ventral Cavity
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Superior portion of the ventral cavity, divided into three smaller cavities
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Thoracic Cavity
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List the three subdivisions of the Thoracic Cavity
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1. Pericardial Cavity
2 & 3: 2 Pleural Cavities |
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Houses the heart
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Pericardial Cavity
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Houses the lungs
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2 Pleural Cavities
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Portions of the trachea and thymus
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Mediastinum
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Extends from the diaphragm to the groin; is divided into two sections
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
*-Abdominal Cavity -Pelvic Cavity (with no real structure that separates them) |
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Help lubricate, anchor, and isolate organs
(lines cavities and covers organs in cavities) |
Serous Membranes
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Lines cavity
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Parietal Layer
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Covers and organ
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Visceral Layer
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Serious membranes of the pleura cavities
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Pleura
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Serious membranes of the pericardial cavity
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Pericardium
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Serous membranes of the abdominal cavity
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Peritoneum
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Thoracic Membranes
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-Parietal Pleura
-Visceral Pleura -Partietal Peritoneum -Visceral Peritoneum |
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Regions of Abdominal Area
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Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar Umbillical Left lumbar Right Illiac Hypogastric Left Illiac |
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The Large Intestine is mainly in what abdominal region?
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Right Lumbar
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The Gallbladder is in what abdominal region?
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Right Hypochondriac
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The Spleen is located in what abdominal region?
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Left hypochondriac
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Composed of skin, hair, nails, and associated glands
-protects underlying tissues -regulates body temperatures -contrain sensory receptiors |
Integumentary System
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Composed of bones, ligaments, and cartilages
-structural framework -protects soft tissues -muscle attachments -produces blood cells -stores inorganic salts (calcium and phosphates) |
Skeletal System
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bone to bone
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ligaments
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bone to muscle
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tendon
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Composed of muscles and tendons
-causes movement of skeleton and some internal organs -maintains posture -produces body heat |
Muscular System
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Body systems control and adjust various organs in order to maintain homeostasis
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Nervous and Endocrine Systems
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Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs
-detects changes, receives and interprets sensory information -Stimulates muscles and glands -Sends signals -Has a relatively short term effect on its target |
Nervous System
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an electrochemical nerve impulse which travels along nerves
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Signal
*Has a relatively SHORT TERM effect on its target |
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Composed of glands which secrete hormones, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, thymus, etc.
-controls metabolic activity of tissues and organs -Signals are chemical messengers (hormones) which travel in blood or other fluids |
Endocrine System
*signals are long term effect compared to nervous system |
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Both systems transport substances through the internal environment of the body
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Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
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Composed of heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
-moves blood through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart -transports substances through the body such as gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, etc. |
Cariovascular system
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Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
-returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream -carries certain absorbed food molecules (lipids) -defense the body against infection (cancer cells) -prevents adema |
Lymphatic System
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All three systems are involved in absorption and excretion
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Digestive, Respiratory, and Urinary Systems
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Composed of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
-receives, breaks down, and absorbs food -eliminates unabsorbed material, such as feces |
Digestive System
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Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-intake and output of air (inhale/exhale) -exhange of gases between air and blood -oxygen gas moves from lung sacs into blood for use in metabolic reactions -co2 moves from blood into lung sacs for removal as a metabolic waste product |
Respiratory system
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Comprised of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
-filters the blood -stores are releases waste in the form of urine |
Urinary System
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Male and female reproductive systems interact to produce _______, that is, a new human organism
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progeny
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Composed of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bilbourethral glands, urethra, and penis
-produce and maintain sperm cells -transfer spern cells into the female reproductive tract |
Male Reproductive System
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Composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
-produce and maintain egg cells (ova) -receive sperm cells -support development of an embryo -function in the birth process |
Female Reproductive Tracts
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The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus are contained within the _____?
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Mediastinum
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separates the thorax into two compartments that contain the right and left lungs
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Mediastinum
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cavity that includes the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and the small and large intestines
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Abdominal cavity
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cavity that contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs
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Pelvic Cavity
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