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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gnathostomata |
jawed vertebrates |
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sister group to vertebrate |
1. tunicates, urochordata immediate sister 2. lancelet cephalochordates |
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vertebrates |
gnathostomes and cyclostomes |
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tunicates |
sea squirts, filter feeders, larvae have notochord, gets loss in development |
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lancelets cephalochordate |
small eel like 7mm 2 genera immediate sister to vertebrates |
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fishes |
paraphyletic group excludes tetrapods jawless = agnatha jaw= gnathostomata |
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agnatha |
jaw less fish |
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hagfish lamprey |
cyclostome, vertebrate jawless |
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chondrichthyes |
sharks |
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osteichthyes |
bony fishes, 23000 species internal swim bladder scales-= articulate and overlap bony skeleton very diversified |
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actinoterygii |
RAY-FINED fishes teleost fish freshwater and marine ray-fin bony spines supports web of skins |
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dipnoi |
lung fishes only 3 genera breathe air, live in dry up sreas |
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crossopterygii/ sarcopterugii |
lobe- finned fishes first discovered coelacanth 2 known species |
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Coelacanth |
crossopterygii, lobe finned fish 1938 deep water habitats indian ocean indonesia drift feeders/ cephalopods |
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freshwater fishes of Africa |
2000 species known high endemism under threat cichlidae cyprinidae |
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cichlid |
freshwater fish more diverse lake fish lake victoria, malawi, tanganyika huge diversity in these fishes monophyletic specialize in different resources other fishes ,etc different habitats |
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cichlid radiation |
young radiation, new species what is driving this? speciate more when sexually dichromatic species older in deeper lakes, speciate more sexual selection contributes to speciation, females choose different colored males |
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cichlid sexual speciation |
females choose different colored males. how does this work? put under monochromatic light, females cannot see color and choose other species, lakes are being overfished, pollution, runoff, exotic species introduction females cannot see male color in murky water |
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cichlid collaspe |
anthropogenic changes, overfishing of native species, exotic species introduction, Nile Perch, Tilapia major nile perch population explosion 1980's nile perch preying on cichlid |
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exploitation of resources |
decline of marine fish, tuna, swordfish, cod. they went through fishing record, logs, catch per unit effort per 100= low yield around 2000's, shows the collapse of various species Large Predatory fishes on the decline due to commercial ships fishing in the grand Banks Downstream consequences |
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Tiktaalik Roseae (Fishapod) |
fossil fish 375 MYA, moving onto land transition traits are fish and tetrapods traits Fish = scales, fins . gills and lungs, Tetrapod = neck , head and shoulders, Set of ribs head much flatter like croc, fin skeleton like tetrapods, could not walk, but front fins could help it walk |
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Ichthyostega |
earliest known land vertebrate fin rays, notochord, Skull and Ankle different Lims with 7 digits walk |
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Amphibians |
monophyletic, carnivorous mostly 7000 species 3 main groups 1. tail less Anura 2. newts and salamanders Urodele 3. limb less- caecilan mostly tropical, wet tropics |
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caecilian |
limbless amphibians, hymnophyiona |
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amphibian decline |
various pathogens = chytrid fungus habitat destruction UVB radiation climate change sold as pets, food, medicinal= exploitation pollution |
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western toads |
happening in isolated areas, Synergies, declining in NW turns out that shallow pools, filter out UVB light and protect eggs from infection water dry up. no protection. climate is drying, eggs expose to parasitic infection, |
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synapids |
stem group led to mammals |
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amniotes based on opening in back of skull |
anapsids = turtles = covers temporal region synapsids= mammals 1 lower temporal opening diapsids = rest of reptiles upper temporal and lower temporal opening |
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Function of temporal openings |
reduces mechanical stress in skull increase muscle attachment and room for muscles to bulge out |
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reptiles |
highest diversity of the group during mesozoic dominant major extinction KT developed flight twice |
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Diapsids |
2 groups 1. archosaurs 2. lepidosaurs |
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archosaurs |
monoplyletic 1. pseudosuchia = crocs 2. ornithosuchia = dinosaurs + birds |
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lepidosaurs |
rest of livinng diapsids lizards snakes |
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Reptiles anapsids |
pleurodira (side neck turtles) 60 species cryptodira ( s neck turtles) 180 species are both sister groups |
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diapsids = archosaurs = pseudosuchia |
crocodiles freshwater alligatoridae no can see teeth |
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crocodile archosaur = pseudosuchia |
16 species gavialidae = india |
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Sphenodontida = squamata |
lepidosaur lizard like stout reptiles with large head and thick tails ancient lineage = 2 species |
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squamata = lepidosaurs = diapsids |
lizards, snakes, iguana, chameleons, geckos , 5 main linages monophyletic 5000 species every continent varied body forms way more than tetrapods gecko to anaconda |
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5 lineages of squamata |
Iguanius = small to medium lizards Gekkotans = geckos and pygopods (limbless) Amphisbaenians = limbless worm lizards autarcoglossa= large lizards komodo dragon Snakes= limbless aquatic terrestrial, some venomous 15 families, 70% in 1 families |
