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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Photosynthesis?
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Plants take in Water, CO2, and light energy and use it to synthesize carbohydrates |
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What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis? |
6(CO2) + 12(H2 O) + light energy ---> (C6 H12 O6) + 6O2 + 6H2O |
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What is the net energy? Delta G |
+685 kCal/mol. This makes it an endergonic reaction. |
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What type of Redox reaction is happening? |
CO2 is reduced(gaining electrons) and H2O is oxidized(loosing electrons) |
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Energy from light drives this (endergonic/exergonic) reaction |
Endergonic - non spontaneous and energy is created. |
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Photosynthesis powers what? |
Biosphere |
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What is the biosphere? |
Regions on the surface of the earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist |
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Trophic Levels - organisms classified into two groups. What are they? |
Heterotroph and Autotroph |
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What is a heterotroph? |
Must take in organic molecules from the environment to sustain life. (animals) |
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What is an autotroph? |
Makes organic molecules from inorganic sources. Sub set of this is Photoautotroph. |
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What is a Photoautotroph? |
Something that uses light as a source of energy |
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What is Chloroplast? |
Hard part in the center of a leaf. Organelles in plants and algea that carry out photosynthesis. |
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What do chloroplast contain? |
Chlorophyll - the stuff responsible for the green pigment |
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What is Mesophyll? |
The internal part of the leaf with cells containing chloroplast. This is where photosynthesis occurs. This is a big area. |
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What is Stomata? |
Pores in the surface of leaf where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits. |
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How many membrane layers does Chloroplast have? |
3 layers |
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The thylakoid is located where? What does it contain? |
3rd membrane layer. It contains the pigment molecules. |
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What is a granum? |
A stack of thylakoids |
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What is the stroma? |
Fluid filled region between thylakoid membrane and inner membrane. |
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What are the 2 stages of Photosynthesis? |
Light reaction and the Calvin Cycle |
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what happens in the Light reaction stage of photosynthesis? |
Light energy comes into the thylakoid membrane. Produces ATP, NADPH, and 02. |
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What happens in the Calvin cycle stage of Photosynthesis? |
Occurs in stroma. Uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules. |
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What is electromagnetic radiation? |
Energy in electric and magnetic fields. |
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How does electromagnetic radiation travel? |
In waves that have oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. |
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Small wavelength = what level of energy?
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High energy |
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Long wavelengths = what level of energy? |
Low energy |
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Photosynthetic pigments do what? |
absorb some light energy and reflect others. |
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Why are leaves green? |
They reflect green wavelengths and absorb the other colors. |
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Absorption of energy does what to electrons? |
It boosts electrons to a higher energy level. |
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Wavelengths of light that a pigment absorb are dependent on what? |
The amount of energy needed to boost an electron to a higher orbital. |
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What happens to an electron after absorbs energy? |
it is in an excited state and is usually unstable. |
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How does this energy get released? |
As light or heat |
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What are 2 pigments in green plants and algea? |
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b |
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What is the pigment carotenoids? |
yellows to reds in flowers |
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Photosystems do what? |
captured light energy that can be transferred to other molecules to produce energy intermeditaes |
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What does the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast contain? |
protein complexes and pigment. |
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What are the two different protein complexes and pigments in the thylakoid membrane called? |
Photosystem (I) - discovered first. . Photosystem(II) - occurs first |
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What happens in the pigment molecules in PSII and PSI |
Light excites the pigment molecules |
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what happens in the PSII? (general statement) |
Excited electrons travel to PSI |
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What happens in PSII? (3 steps specific) |
- water is oxidized generating O2 and H+- Release of electrons into the transport chain- energy used to make H+ electrochemical gradient |
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What happens in PSI? |
NADPH is made by the addition of H+ through the electrochemical gradient |
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What happens to H+ in PSI? (3 steps) |
There is an H+ gradient created by 3 things that is pushing H+ through the ETC using ATP Synthase. . 1. H+ in thylakoid lumen by splitting water. 2. H+ by ECT pumping H+ into lumen. 3. H+ from formation of NADPH in stroma |
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What is the process of ATP Synthesis? |
1. Chemiosmotic(relating to the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane). 2. Driven by flow of H+ from thylakoid lumen into stroma via ATP synthase. |
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What happens to the flow of Electrons in PSII and PSI? (2 steps) |
Electrons begin at PSII and eventually transfer to NADPH. Linear process produces ATP and NADPH in equal amounts. |
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Where does Cyclic photophosphorylation happen? |
PSI |
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What happens in cyclic photophosphorylation? (3 part) |
1. Light excites electrons in PSI. 2. High energy electrons sent to ferrodoxin. 3. Cyclic electron flow favored when NADPH level is high |
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What are the Noncyclic parts of PSI and PSII? |
1. Electrons begin at PSII and eventually transfer to NADPH. 2. Linear process produces ATP and NADDPH in equal amounts. |
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What happens in the Calvin Cycle? |
ATP and NADPH are used to make Carbohydrates |
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Calvin Cycle. What happens in this metabolic cycle? |
1. Carbon from atmospheric CO2 is incorporated into carbohydrates. 2. Precursors to all organic molecules. 3. Energy is stored. |
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Calvin Cycle. CO2 incorporation. For every 6 CO2 incorporated gets used up? |
18 ATP and 12 NADPH |
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Calvin Cycle. What is produced in this process of CO2 incorporation? |
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is formed as starting materials for the formation of sugars. Glucose is not made directly, but this is where it is going. |
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Calvin Cycle CO2 incorporation. When glucose and linked together to make what? |
Starch polymers |
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Calvin Cycle CO2 incorporation. What happens to the glucose that is linked? (2 part) |
1. It is stored in chloroplast for later use. 2. Transported from leaf to other parts of the plant. |
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Calvin Cycle has 3 Phases. What are they? |
1. Carbon fixation. 2. Reduction and carbohydrate production. 3. Regeneration of RuBP |
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What happens in Phase 1 Carbon Fixation of Calvin Cycle? (3 steps) |
1. CO2 is incorporated into RuBP(5-Carbon Sugar) to form a 6-Carbon intermediate. 2. as soon as this is made it is immediately catalyzed by Rubisco. 3. 6 carbon intermediate splits into 2 3PG |
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Calvin Cycle - Reduction and Carbohydrate Production (Phase 2) -- (3 part) |
1. ATP is used to convert 3PG into 1,3-BPG. 2. NADPH electrons reduce it to G3P. 3. 12 G3P molecules produced in phase 2. |
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Calvin Cycle - Regeneration of RuBP (Phase 3) |
1. 10 G3P converted into 6 RuBP using 6 ATP. 2. Regenerated RuBP molecules serve as acceptors for CO2. This allows for the cycle to continue. |
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What environmental conditions can influence the efficiency of Photosynthesis and the Calvin cycle? |
Light intensity, temperature, and water availability. |
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What is Photorespiration? |
a respiratory process in many higher plants by which they take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide, contrary to the general pattern of photosynthesis. |
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Where is Photorespiration common? |
Hot and Dry environments |
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What is the chemical equation for photorespiration? |
Enzyme Rubisco functions as a carboxylase. RuBP + CO2 ---> 2 3PG (3_carbon molecules) |
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What is weird about Photorespiration? |
It uses O2 and liberates CO2. This is wasteful and reverses the effects of Photosynthesis. |
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Photorespiration. In weird environments Rubisco can be what? |
an Oxygenase. |
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Photorespiration. what are the conditions for Rubisco acting as an Oxygenase? |
O2 levels are high and CO2 levels are low. |
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What happens in Mesophyll cells? |
CO2 enters via stomata and a 4 carbon compound is formed. Goes to the bundle-sheath cells |
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What happens in theBundle-sheath Cells? |
The 4 carbon made from the mesophyllc ells are transferred and release CO2 |