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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Use of health stats: |
1. To identify high risk groups 2. Detect new threats 3. Plan programs 4. Evaluate programs 5. Prepare budgets |
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4 types of data collected in Canada: |
1. Vital statistics 2. Census data 3. hospitals and physician data 4. National health surveys |
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Vital statistics |
Birth and death certificates + marriage and divorce |
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Collection of vital statistics is the responsibility of |
Provincial and territorial governments, in cooperating w fed |
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Medical certificate of death is completed by |
Medical staff, family and funeral director |
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Maternal parity |
Amount of pregnancies a mother has had |
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On death certificates, what must be distinguished: |
Immediate, antecedent and significant causes of death |
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Most common type of error for death certificates: |
-no time intervals listed (71.6%) |
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The census is used in public health to: |
Determine denominators (overall or by subgroups defines by age, sex, etc.) |
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How is data collected for short form census: |
Received by every household, mandatory completion |
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How is data collected for long-form census: |
Received by 25% random sample of households, mandatory until 2011 |
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Information provided for short-form census |
Number of resident, sex, age, martial status, language (approx. 8) |
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Information provided for long-form census |
Place of birth, ethnicity, education, employment, housing, costs, health conditions, etc. (approx. 50) |
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What is 8 questions that every household receives every 5 years with basic information |
Short form census |
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What used to be mandatory until 2011, 50 questions |
Long-form census |
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how hospital data is collected: |
hospital discharge summaries - data is submitted by hospital data entry staff to national databases |
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how physician data is collected: |
- physician bills claims - data submitted by physcians to OHIP for reimbursement |
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information provided by hospital data |
diagnoses, treatment, basic demographic info |
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info provided by physician data |
diagnoses, basic demo info |
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ICD |
International Classification of Disease |
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Canada's 2 national health surveys: |
Canadian Community Health Survey and National Population Health Survey |
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CCHS; how data is collected : |
cross-sectional survey; interviews - representative sample every 2 years = basically ask 65,000 people about their subjective experience of health |
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NPHS; how data is collected: |
- longitudinal survey; interview same group of canadians every 2 years (ask same qs) - 19,600 |
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NPHS allows us to see |
trends across time within a set number of people |
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information provided by CCHS |
diseases, health care services, lifestyle behaviours, periodic focus on specific topics and high risk groups |
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information provided by NPHS |
-diseases, health care services, lifestyle behaviours |
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are CCHS and NPHS mandatory? |
not mandatory |
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groups of people excluded by CCHS and NPHS |
First Nations, those in the army and homeless people |
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strengths of canada's national health surveys |
- more detailed than our data - info on multiple determinants (income, edu, etc.) |
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weakness of canada's national health surveys |
- info is self-reported (bias) - excludes certain groups |
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to keep privacy of data, ______ and __________ are removed
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names and addresses |
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PHIPA: |
Personal Health Information Protection Act, 2004 |
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PHIPA is |
a set of rules that protects patients' personal health records |
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"health information custodies" may use personal health information to: |
1. provide medical care (relay info to specialist) 2. report communicable disease to Medical officer of Health 3. in certain circumstances, plan health services |
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surveillance is:
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the systematic and ongoing collection and analysis of population-level health info in order to guide the design of public health and preventative interventions |
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2 types of surveillance |
passive and active |
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surveillance immediate goals |
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key components of surveillance |
its systematic and on-going - we should track disease in geographic methods and over time, have data to show |
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immediate goals of surveillance |
Monitor: 1. changes in disease frequency 2. changes in risk factor frequency 3. uptake of interventions (who is using the interventions, how many people?) 4. drug-resistant organisms (tells the severity of the disease and strength of the antibiotic) |
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long-term goals of surveillance: |
1) identify and monitor outbreaks 2) limit transmission of disease 3) plan health services |
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the ultimate goal of surveillance: |
to control and prevent disease |
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characteristics of a high quality surveillance system
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1. Timely (rapid response)
2. Accurate – valid + exact (of data) 3. Complete (comprehensiveness of data) 4. Oriented 5. Measurable (quantifiable) 6. Applicable |
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passive surveillance |
disease events are reported by the data sources to the surveillance program |
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for passive surveillance, disease events are reported by |
hospitals or public |
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characteristics of passive surveillance |
1. surveillance program must be able to accommodate various data sources 2. operational procedures of each data source vary 3. data must be checked for duplicates |
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example of passive surveillance |
-keep track on the occurence of lyme disease based on where and when it occured |
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_____________________________ must be reported by clinicans and laboratories to appropriate public health authority when suspected or diagnosed |
notifiable diseases |
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reporting notifiable diseases allows |
effective tracking of disease as well as prevention and control measures |
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active surveillance uses |
surveillance program uses case-finding procedures to identify disease events |
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characteristics of active surveillance: |
1. trained surveillance program staff must identify cases by visiting several data sources 2. staff use abstraction forms that are detailed and comprehensive |
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example of active surveillance |
routine surveys and surveys in response to suspected public health threats - 2008 survey on melamine-associated renal disease in children |
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sentinel surveillance |
passive and active surveillance : - selected clinicians gather data on specific disease of interest and provide them to public health authority |
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why is sentinel surveillance both active and passive |
active:case-finding procedure; visit several data sources abt. disease of interest passive: must report it |
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characteristics about sentinel surveillance |
- sample of clinicians chosen carefully (representative of pop.) - used to report rare events (immunization side effects) and to improve quality of care |
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advantages of passive surveillance |
-inexpensive - easy to develop +execute |
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advantages of active |
- data likely to be accurate - small outbreaks identified |
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disadvantages of passive |
-completeness and accuracy may vary - small outbreaks missed |
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disadvantages of active |
-expensive -difficult to develop and execute |
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passive surveillance is known infections as: |
all you can see currently |
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active surveillance is unknown surveillance: |
unseen but out there |
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point source exposure |
outbreak in one moment ex: food poisoning at wedding, everyone there eats the one dish that contains it |
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continuous source exposure |
on going contamination ex: eating from a restaurant w/improper storage of food |
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intermittent exposure |
- little small curves, happening periodically - not person to person ex: periodic transmission of water |
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point source limited spread |
one person sick (index case) = spread to others but things get fixed before it can get worse ex: ebola |
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point source exposure propagated spread |
-worse case - one index case = infects another = affects more people |
