Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The 4 elements are related to:
|
elements related to a humor, and then body part
Element, humor, body part |
|
Fire
|
yellow bile→ liver
|
|
Water
|
Phlegm→brain
|
|
Air
|
blood→ heart
|
|
Earth
|
black bile → spleen
|
|
What is disease described as:
|
disease is seen as an imbalance in these humans
- need balance, mediate |
|
What are the two popular theories of medicine:
|
1. Humorism
2. Vitalism |
|
Humorism:
|
extremely popular among Islamic, Greek, and roman physicians
→ then popular in Europe. |
|
Vitalism:
|
all bodies have a finite amount of energy
- must keep body balanced - shift from humorism to dissection→ something structural causing disease - ethical, religious and cultural issues - body is sacred = no cutting up = lack of bodies |
|
What are the solutions for lack of bodies:
|
- animal dissections – (don’t have souls or pain)
- dissect the bodies of criminals- alive or dead - murder → to supply medical schools with bodies - grave robbing - bodies of unclaimed |
|
When was the anatomy act passed? how many inspectors?
|
- attempt to stop these kinds of abuses
- protest most vulnerable - not very powerful 1832 Antomy act only had one inspecter for all of GB |
|
When was Gray's Anatomy Published? by who?
|
Gray’s Anatomy- 1858 first published
Henry Gray- Author Henry Carter- Artist |
|
What were the drawing based on?
|
- adult men’s bodies
- 1 or 2 women - 1 child - all would be poor, in the hospital where Henry practiced and were unclaimed - Funeral homes had secret deals with doctors - Medical schools—lied about number of students to get more bodies |
|
What is the relation today to the underground body trade?
|
- organs: kidneys (transplant tourism), liver parts, gametes: reproductive tourism, surrogacy
|
|
Which countries top and bottom organ donations? which allow economics transactions
|
- Canada is one of the worst countries when it comes to organ donations
- Spain is the best - Iran allows economic transactions - Underground trade= same issues as body trade |
|
What is the common theme of the underground trade? and of medicine?
|
Always population that is preyed upon vs. population that is more powerful
|
|
Elaborate on the idea that the understanding of the body is fabricated:
|
- therefore body is constructed
- anatomy not only indicator of disease - but also social abnormality or inferiority - height, weight - all very influenced by culture - when we look at the body we often view it through the lens of sexism, feminism, homosexuality - it is glamorized that the body tells secrets |
|
Who is Joel Braslow?
|
Psychiatrist + Historian
|
|
Sum up the reading on him
|
- encouraging reader to self reflect
- history allows people to be better physicians - talks about mothers breakdown - talks about father= surgeon proud of having done a lobotomy (slice nerves from skull) |
|
Who did his father learn from?
|
Walter Freeman
|
|
Walter Freeman:
|
Freeman 1936- ice pick and hammer
- would sever many nerves - would suppress patients with mental problems - terrible abuse of psychiatric patients - some people think it may work - people use electric shock - notion that mental illness can be cured by doing something to the body - “One flew over the cuckoo nest” → raised public outrage |
|
What was Joel's big realization? and why? how?
|
Joel grows up with father who does this and feels this shameful, and is ashamed of father
- interested in tracking notion that mental illness is in the mind but in the body - Tells James Story (African American): patient with schizophrenia - Joel does everything: drugs to calm him down - James commits suicide - Joel Thinks he did all of the right things as a physician but not as a human being: should have been concerned are you happy? Family? Support? Home? - He displayed negative side effects to the drug - Come to realize he was exactly like his father - Drugs = lobotomy - James was a victim of Joel’s training - Then he looks at family history: - Mom incarcerates, sees her records, and looking at record sees that they are unclear |
|
What does he decide about labels of the mentally ill?
|
are more of s security for the psychiatrist then for the patients own good.
James + father + mother= important to be skeptical about what youre doing - important to be compassionate - b/c clinical knowledge important to focus - medical knowledge = on patient vs. disease is limited |
|
Charlotte Perkins Gilman: who? when? what did she write? why?
|
Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860-1935 “The yellow Wall paper”
- active in feminist movement - PPD → people didn’t know what it was - Is the doctor creating the illness - Husband and brother = doctors - Society or organic or both - Why did she go crazy? |
|
who was her doctor?
|
S. Weir Mitchell – president of American Neurological Association- specialist in neurology “the rest cure”
|
|
Give a brief description of her life?
|
Married Charles Stetson 1884
- Daughter 1845 - ends in asylum - mental illness is caused by exhaustion of the nerves: o therefore body needs rest: o staying bed, eating fatty foods, isolation, no mental or physical activity - By late 1800’s women considered very susceptible to neurastimia - This upholds womens right to: vote, higher ed, doctors, lawyers - She goes out of mind in rest cure - To get revenge wrote : “The yellow wall paper” - If she was from marginalized population wouldn’t have been diagnosed with neurastimia |
|
What was this nerve exhaustion: who invented its name? Symptoms?
|
- believed people who suffering from nerve exhaustion had: Neurastenia
- she get diagnosed with this by George Miller Beard - Collection of symptoms: o Anxiety o Sadness o Headaches o Muscle aches o Fatigue o Sounds like depression or Epstein- Barr - Today could have been a bunch of different things |
|
Why did George this people got neurastemia?
|
- He thought people developed Neuratemia because of urbanization of USA
o Stimulus causing too much excitement = exhaustion o American business men, soilders o See connection to vitalism and balance! |
|
What would the marginalized population get diagnosed with?
|
Feeble Mindedness
|
|
What does this different diagnoses add to our themes?
|
- work differently for different populations of different peoples
- depends on who is diagnosed - *** People always bring cultural understanding to their medical diagnosis: o dissection o diagnosis o prejudices |
|
Francis Galton: who? what?
|
Frances Galton 1882- 1911:
Darwin’s cousin - anthropologist - inventor - statistician - coins term “Eugenics” (well-born) |
|
What is Eugenics?
|
o pseudoscience of eugenics
o do people inherit their abilities? Or is it the environment? Classic nature vs. nurture - About improving human population through selective breeding |
|
Positive Eugenics:
|
could improve humans, forbid some people to get married
- paying some women who are “good stock” to have many children |
|
Negative Eugenics:
|
- immigration control
- only want certain number in country - they cannot breed with native born population - sterilize people - shut people from institutions - commit infanticide - genocide |
|
Who will determine what is good or bad stock?
|
- ruling class in society ex: Francis Galton
- race: dark….slated for negative eugenics - physical deformities: club foot, blind - IQ scores - Religion - Native vs. immigrant - Status CONTINUES theme of health is decided based on construction |
|
What did Francis think on nature vs. nurture? Describe his view of the feeble minded:
|
We inherit from our parents, main thing is mental intelligence.
- very concerned about feeble mindedness - look physically normal but: o mentally inferior, believed to breed twice as much as other o some with feeble mindedness could be attractive to seduce o if they could be stopped: no more disease - Top class - Little appreciation to lower class - Looked to prove what they wanted to believe |
|
What are the 2 rival disease concepts?
|
First: desease from the outside versus disease from within
Second: disease of the individual versus disease of the group. |