Lecture # 4 Geo Of Hazards

Front 1

what are the 4 patterns describing how people choose to repond to a risk?

Back 1

1. absorb --- view risk as unproblematic and deny it eg. san andreas fault

2. accept: passive attitude but there is awareness of the hazard, eg nigeria drought , viewed as acts of god

3. reduce: action is taken to reduce impacts

4. change: radical action may be taken to change land use eg, australian drought.

Front 2

what is an example of a hazard that typically evokes massive public rxn that are more sever than what the hazard likely warrants?

Back 2

nuclear melt down

Front 3

what are evocative hazards?

Back 3

hazards that are not likely to be serious bu typially evoke much public rxn. eg pesticides

Front 4

Banal Hazards?

Back 4

known to be a little more serious but evoke little public rxn. eg peanut butter has aflatoxin in it. eating this once every 10 days presents cancer of 7 in 1 million.

Front 5

difference between aplification and attenuation risk?

Back 5

aplification are hazards that have low prob. but cause strong public concern. attenuation is the opposite hazard may be serious but weak public concern

Front 6

what do high signal values suggest?

Back 6

1. a new risk has appeared or

2. risk is different han previously understood

Front 7

stigmitization and risk perception?

Back 7

becuase an negative event happened in the past in a certain location it could alter perceptions of that area. eg love canal outside of Naigara had a spill 20 years ago ppl still think it is not safe.

Front 8

if the signal is understood such as a car crash what is the signal value?

Back 8

it is low, and the opposite is true if a few people die (nuclear power plant) may perceive this risk as uncontrollable

Front 9

what are secondary impacts of hazards?

Back 9

property values and insurance rates may change in response

Front 10

t or f. stigma and property values are typically intertwined?

Back 10

true

Front 11

risk perception theories? 5 theories that we are looking at?

Back 11

1. knowledge

2. personality

3. economic

4. political

5. cultural

Front 12

how was knolwedge tested?

Back 12

through education levels and self reported knowledge

Front 13

t or f. there is consistency between the personality type and the perceived threat from tech hazards?

Back 13

true

Front 14

economic?

Back 14

based on annual income, poor are less likley to take risks bc they may deal with more associated burdens such as pollution (they would typically be close to it)

Front 15

heiarchial world view?

Back 15

strong patriotism, support for country right or wrong

Front 16

egalitarian worldview?

Back 16

beleif that conflict could be eleminated with proper distribution of resources

support high tax on the wealthy

Front 17

individulism worldview?

Back 17

lack of support for heavy got regulation.

continued economic growth and private profit are key to quality of life

Front 18

results?

Back 18

knowledge: higher knowledge greater perceived benefit from tech activities but not stat. sign.

personality: less aggressive personality more likely to be heirarchial

Front 19

t or f. left wing view tech activites as more threatening?

Back 19

true

Front 20

what two world views though the risks are worth taking?

Back 20

heirarism and individulism

Front 21

what three theories were inconclusive?

Back 21

knowledge and economic

Front 22

what was the best theory to explain perceived risk?

Back 22

cultural

Front 23

define landslide?

Back 23

downslide movements of rock or sediments as a result of gravity (huge range in movement speed)

Front 24

4 classifications of landslides?

Back 24

1. mechanism of movement

2. type of material

3. amount of water present

4. speed of movement

Front 25

for movement what are the 3 basic mechanism?

Back 25

1. fall - rock or sediment drop off the face of a cliff

2. slide

3. flow with the aid of water, some particles move faster than others

Front 26

what is a slump?

Back 26

cuased by a slide mehcnaism, in a slimp the failure plane is cruved upwards

Front 27

what is a creep?

Back 27

very slow flow mechanism mm to a metre annually.

Front 28

what are driving and resisting forces?

Back 28

driving: move material downslop, based on weight of material from vgetation, rocks, water

resisting: oppose downslope movement: based on the shear strength of the material

Front 29

define factor of safety?

Back 29

the ratio of resisting forces to driving forces

when the ratio is over 1 the slope is stable

when the ratio is under 1 the slope is unstable.

Front 30

slumps are most common in ?

Back 30

unconsolidated sediment

Front 31

diff between rotational and translational slide?

Back 31

rotational are usually slumps where material moves downslope along an unpward curved surface

where as transitional moves downslope along a discrete path

Front 32

steepest slopes are associated with?

Back 32

rock falls

Front 33

moderate slopes?

Back 33

with flows

Front 34

gentle slopes are?

Back 34

associated with creeps

Front 35

define topographic releif?

Back 35

the height of a hill or mountain above the land around it, dangerous landslides are more likely in areas of high relief

Front 36

what type of climate are flows and creeps more likely?

Back 36

in humid climates where soil is thick and rock is generally covered with soil and vegetation

Front 37

role of vege on slope?

Back 37

roots add strength and cohesion of the slope to help make it stable

Front 38

what can adding watre do to a slope

Back 38

increase the likelihood of flows, water can also erode the slope thus decreasing the resisting forces

Front 39

factors that increase the risk of landslides 3 things ?

Back 39

urban development

2. deforestation

3. climate change

Front 40

the frank slide/

Back 40

canada's best know landslide 1903 killed 75 people

Front 41

how many people die from landslides in NA annually?

Back 41

roughly 30

Front 42

natural service function of a landslide?

Back 42

can result in the development of new habitats in froests and aquatic ecosystems

2. increase biodiversity

3. carry minerals and sediments to the base of the slope

Front 43

what are the leading human causes for the increase in landslides?

Back 43

foresting and urbanization

Front 44

how does urbainzation affect a slope?

Back 44

slopes are destabilized when rock is removed, lawns are water, septic systems implemented, all of these add to the driving force of a slope

Front 45

how can we minimize landslide hazards?

Back 45

awreness such as crask in the wall, boulders at base of cliff, tilted trees

Front 46

what is a talus?

Back 46

general term for fragments of rock moving down a slope and accumulating at the base of the moutains

Front 47

preventions?

Back 47

drainge control, remove excess water from the soil by pipes and drains

- levelling the slope with modern tech.

electronic screens detect rocks hitting them

Front 48

what is a landslide warning system?

Back 48

tiltmeters are used to detect vibrations of a slope

- measure very small changes in horizontal level

Front 49

t or f? rocks from frneces along railways in western NA are linked to signal systems?

Back 49

true

Front 50

adjustments for landslide hazards?

Back 50

dont build on areas of high risk

2. keeping critical things like hospitals, schools and power plants out of these areas

3. reduce water pressure by drainage

4. analyzing landslide hazard maps is the best way to reduce risk

Front 51

what is the best corrective measure to counter the hazard ?

Back 51

reducing water pressure through drainage will decrease the driving force.

Front 52

i

Back 52

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