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Gnathostomata

Synapomorphies


-Jaws


-paired pelvic fins

Chondrichthyes

>Cartilaginous Fish


~960 species


>Two Clades


- Elasmobranchi


- Holocephali


>Synapomorphies


- carnivorous


- pelvic clasper


-Internal fertilization

Osteichthyes

>Bony fish


>Two major clades


- Actinopterygians (Ray finned)


- Sarcopterygians (Lobe-finned)


> Synapomorphies


- three tooth bearing bones


1) dentary


2) premaxilla


3) maxilla
Actinopterygia
Ray finned fishes
most successful clade of vertebrates
because of diet and habitat
Synapomorphy
- fins supported by rays and not bone or muscle

Sarcopterygia

Lobe-finned fishes


3 clades:


1) Tetrapods


2)Actinistia


3) Dipnoi



Synapomorphy:


- enamel on teeth


-fins supported by bones
Early tetrapods transition from water to land required what morphological changes?
> Respiration (gills to lungs)
> Movement (swimming to walking)
> Feeding (suction to grasping)
> Skin (increasing keratinization)
>Sensory adaptation (lateral line to vision and hearing)
Anamniotes
> paraphyletic
> Lissamphibia (caudates, anura, gymnophiona)
Synapomorhpies of anamniotes
- cutaneous respiration
- pedicellate teeth
- two types of skin glands
- absence of an amnion

Amniotes

monophyletic


conflicting

Diapsids (Amniotes ex.)

>skull has two holes


> Lepidosauromorpha


>Archosauramorpha

Synapomorphies of amniotes

-Amniotic egg


-internal fertilization


- highly keratinized skin

Why we use Linnean Taxonomy

-common names are abundant and differ by region



-binomial names do not differ

plural for genus

genera