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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The viscerotropic viral diseases are transmitted to body tissues by what three ways?
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1) Bodily fluids from infected individuals (blood, saliva, semen)
2) contaminated food/drink 3) arthropods |
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What four body parts do the viscerotropic viral diseases affect?
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small/large intestines
liver spleen blood |
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What is the first human disease found to be caused by a virus?
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yellow fever
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Who identified mosquitoes as the agents of transmission of yellow fever in 1901?
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Walter Reed
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The causative agent of yellow fever is ____ (+-; ss,ds; RNA,DNA), icosahedral, enveloped virion
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+ssRNA
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The causative agent of yellow fever is from the ______ family
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flaviviridae
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What kind of virus is yellow fever? (transmited by arthropods)
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arbovirus
arthropodborne virus |
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Yellow fever is _____ in tropical Central America, South America and Africa
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endemic (it's there at a low level constantly)
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Yellow fever is transmitted by _____ that get the virus from infected monkeys, jungle animals or humans
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mosquitoes
(Aedes aegypti is a mosquito that transmits Yellow Fever) |
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PATHOGENICITY of yellow fever. Virus travels in blood to ______ and multiples. It then spreads to liver, ____, _____. In severe cases, _____ in infected organs. Hemorrhaging-bleeding gums, blood in vomit
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lymph nodes
spleen kidneys, heart lesions |
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Give an example of lesions in infected organs
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hemorrhaging-- bleeding gums, blood in vomit
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What are the early symptoms of yellow fever?
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fever/chills then, nausea/vomiting (black vomit)
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Besides fever/chills and nausea/vomiting (black vomit), what other main symptom is characteristic of yellow fever?
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jaundice caused by liver damage
(biliruben levels rise) |
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What's the mortality rate of yellow fever?
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20%
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There is no proven antiviral treatment. It can be prevented by what?
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attenuated virus vaccine and control of mosquito population
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Infectious Mononucleosis is caused by what?
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Epstein-Barr Virus
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The Epstein-Barr Virus is an enveloped, icosahedral ________(ss,ds;RNA,DNA) HERPESVIRUS.
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dsDNA
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How is the Epstein-Barr Virus transmitted?
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oropharyngeal secretions (kissing, licking, sharing fork, etc)
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The Epstein-Barr Virus infects _____ and the infected cells proliferate
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B-lymphocytes (mononuclear WBC)
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What are Downey cells?
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damaged B cells with vacuolated, granulated cytoplasm
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What can be used to diagnose mononucleosis?
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The Monospot Slide Test
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If B-cells are infected, what will appear on the slide?
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heterophile antibodies
heterophile antibodies are like other RBC, so they will cross react with other RBC of animals |
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Describe the process of the monospot slide test for infectious mononucleosis
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A) Blood is taken from the patient.
B) The serum is separated from the cells C) A drop of serum is placed on a slide containing guinea pig tissue extract, and the two are mixed. A rxn occurs that adsorbs any closely related antibodies in the serum. D) Horse erythrocytes are then added, and the components are mixed. E) If infectious mononucleosis antibodies are present in the serum, the erthrocytes will agglutinate and give a positive rxn F) The absence of agglutination indicates an absence of mononucleosis antibodies and therefore a negative rxn. |
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heterophile antibodies
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antibodies reacting with antigens from unrelated species
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Epstein-Barr Virus causes ______ of lymph nodes and spleen
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enlargement
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Epstein-Barr VIrus causes enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen, fever, _____, and ____
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fatigue
sore throat |
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Epstein-Barr Virus causes high _____ counts and _____
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lymphocyte
Downey cells |
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Epstein-Barr Virus is a ____ disease, but EBV goes latent, patients may become carriers capable of transmitting viruses in saliva
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self-limiting disease
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Epstein-Barr Virus is connected with _______, a cancer of the jaw, in East Africa
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Burkitts lymphoma
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Epstein-Barr Virus is connected with _______, a tumor inside the nose, in South China
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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Besides Burkitts lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, what else is EBV connected with?
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chronic fatigue syndrome, MS (multiple schelerosis)
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Hepatitis is caused by several different viruses, and it results in ______
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acute inflammation of the liver
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Hepatitis A virus is ____(+-;ss,ds;RNA,DNA), no envelope, ocosahedral
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+ssRNA
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What is unique about the Hepatitis A virus?
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it has no envelope
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Hepatitits A belongs to what family?
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picornaviridae
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Hepatitis A is also known as _____
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HAV or heparnavirus (hepatitits RNA-virus)
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What 4 ways is hepatitis A transmitted?
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1) fecal-oral
2) food (shellfish especially) 3) water contaminated w/feces 4) sexual contact |
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HAV is extremely resistant to ______ and is hard to get rid of
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chemical or physical agents
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When do symptoms appear for HAV?
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symptoms appear after 2-4 weeks; short-incubation hepatitis
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What are the symptoms of HAV?
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initial- anorexia, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, abdominal pain
after 1-2 weeks, JAUNDICE |
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What two ways can HAV be diagnosed?
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- check liver functions
- check for HAV Abs in serum Infected individuals can be asymptomatic and contagious |
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What treatment is there for HAV?
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No antivirals will help. No alcohol or fried food allowed
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What is done to prevent HAV?
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- removal of source of outbreaks
- vaccination with inactivated viruses |
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What is the difference between the virus that causes HepA and the virus that causes HepB?
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Hep A
noneveloped ss RNA; heparnavirus Hep B enveloped ds DNA; hepadnavirus |
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Symptoms for Hepatitis B are more severe than Hep A and occur in ____; therefore, it is called ____
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4wks-6months
long-incubation hepatitis |
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THe initial symptoms of Hepatitis B include _____, _____, ______.
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fatigue, anorexia, taste changes
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The initial symptoms of Hepatitis B include fatigue, anorexia, taste changes. Then, ____, ____, ____
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dark urine, weird color stools, jaundice
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The initial symptoms of Hepatitis B include fatigue, anorexia, taste changes. Then, dark urine, weird color stools, jaundice. If chronic liver infection, then there is a possibility of ______
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heaptocarcinoma
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Hepatitis B is transmitted mostly by _____ and _____. It is considered an ____
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blood and bodily fluids
STD |
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What are 6 methods for the transmission of Hepatitis B?
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1) nonsterile tatooing needles
2) contaminated dialysis equipment 3) contaminated vaccination eequipment 4) nonsterile dental practices 5) contaminated drug needles 6) nonsterile body piercing equipment |
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What does the Ebola virus cause?
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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
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The Ebola virus is a ___(+-;ss,ds;RNA,DNA)
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ssRNA
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The Ebola virus is what kind of virus?
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filovirus
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Natural host of Ebola is unknown, and it is thought to be transmitted by contact with human blood. What are the symptoms of Ebola Hemorrhagic fever?
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Massive internal bleeding
blood spurts from patients organs turn to liquid |
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PATHOGENICITY of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. The Ebola virus encodes at least two ____
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glycoproteins
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One glycoprotein attaches to _____
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endothelial cells lining the veins and arteries
it encourages viral entry. Viral replication and damage to the cells WEAKEN THE BLOOD VESSELS, causing them to LEAK; catastrophic bleeding follows |
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The second glycoprotein attaches to _____
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neutrophiles (types of white blood cells)
thereby LIMITING PHAGOCYTOSIS and the IMMUNE RESPONSE. Thus the patient bleeds to death internally before a reasonable immunological defense can be mounted. 90% MORTALITY |
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WHat are the 5 viscerotropic diseases?
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1) Yellow Fever (arbovirus)
2) Infectious Mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr Virus) 3) Hepatitis A (heparnavirus) 4) Hepatitis B (hepadnavirus) 5) Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (filovirus) |
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West Nile Fever is a member of the _____ family
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flaviviridae
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West NIle Fever is a member of the Flaviviridae family and is a _____(+-;ss,ds;RNA,DNA) icosahedral, enveloped virus
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+ssRNA
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In most cases, West Nile Fever is transmitted by ____
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mosquitoes
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West Nile Fever is transmitted by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes become infected when feeding on infected _____. Then, mosquitoes ____
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birds
bite and infect humans |
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In some cases, West Nile Fever is transmitted by _____
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blood transfusions
organ transplants breast-feeding pregnancy (mother to child) |
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How is West Nile Fever not spread?
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not spread by contact such as touching or kissing an infected person
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The incubation period for west nile fever is 3-14 days. THe virus multiplies in bloodstream and then travels to the ___
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brain
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People of what age group are more likely to develop serious symptoms of WNV?
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>50
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What are some symptoms of WNV?
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fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, sometimes swollen lymph glands, and/or skin rash on chest, stomach and back
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Some ppl (about 1 in 150) will develop _____ or _____
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encephalitis
meningitis |
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Some ppl (about 1 in 150) will develop encephalitis or meningitis, resulting in _____
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stiff neck
disorientation coma convulsions vision loss paralysis neurological effects may be permanent |
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What is the treatment for WNV?
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No specific treatment, just prevention
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What shape is the Rabies virus?
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helical
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The Rabies Virus is ___(+-,ss,ds,RNA,DNA) enveloped w/ spikes virion
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ssRNA
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The Rabies Virus is a helical, enveloped w/ spikes ssRNA virion of the ______ family
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Rhabdoviridae
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The rabies virus has how many genes?
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5
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The rabies virus can occur in most warm-blooded animals. There is no rabies in what four land-locked places?
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Australia
Great Britain New Zealand Hawaii |
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What is unique about the rabies virus mortality rate?
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highest mortality rate of any human disease once symptoms have fully materialized
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How is the rabies virus transmitted?
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transmitted by fluid (blood, saliva, urine) of infected animal
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The rabies virus enters tissue from saliva of infected animal. _____ in muscle tissue near bite.
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Viral replication
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The rabies virus enters tissue from saliva of infected animal. Viral replication in muscle tissue near bite. Virus moves up peripheral nervous system (undetected by immune system) to ____
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CNS
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When the rabies virus moves up the spinal cord to the brain, it can cause fatal ______
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encephalitis
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Besides entering tissue, the rabies virus can also enter _____
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salivary glands, other organs
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After getting bit, there are mild symptoms at first, then when CNS is involved, what are 4 major symptoms?
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1) spasms/ paralysis of pharyngeal muscles (DRIPPING SALIVA)
2) Hydrophobia (afraid of water) 3) Inability to swallow 4) Death from respiratory paralysis |
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furious rabies
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excitable, restless animal that bites anything
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Dumb rabies
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lethargic (cat), docile
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How is Rabies treated?
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Vaccine, IgG
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