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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
2 types of immunization? |
•Active immunity •Passive immunity |
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Immunization of Active immunity? |
•Activates adaptive immunity •Production of B & T memory cells |
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Immunization of Passive immunity? |
From antibodies |
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Vaccines confer Active Immunity? |
•Inactivated vaccines •Attenuated vaccines •Virus like particle •Subunit vaccines |
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Community Immunity? |
• AKA herd or population immunity •Certain level of immunity w/in the community prevent the spread of disease |
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Inactivated Vaccines? |
•Viral particles grown in culture, killed, destroyed but viral capsid remain intact •Viral antigens on capsid activates immune response |
Only remain a short period of time, why we need booster shots |
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Attenuated Vaccine? |
•Live viruses but altered to reduce their virulence •Mutations eliminate virulence •Viruses reproduce w/in the host & last longer than inactivated vaccines |
Polio virus used in Africa since it's bigger |
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Subunit Vaccine |
•Isolate proteins from virus •Isolate genes for specific proteins from virus •Produce proteins from gene using recombinant technology •Take genes from 1 organism put into a vector & bacteria grows •Many copies of protein |
Like flu vaccine |
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Virus like particles? |
•Resemble complete viruses •Do not contain genetic material or cause infection |
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Toxoid Vaccines |
•Inactivates bacterial toxins •e.g.Tetanus, Botulism |
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Passive Immunization |
•Administer antibodies directly •Immediate protection •Doesn't provide long term memory protection |
Anti venom are antibodies |
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Passive Immunization uses? |
•Prophylaxis immunosuppressed or immunocompromised individuals •Acute bacterial or viral infections •Poisoning & envenomations |
Anti venom are antibodies |
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Monoclonal Antibodies |
•Antibodies made from clones of parent cell – 1 parent cell •All antibodies recognize the same antigen |
Mad at the end is a monoclonal antibodies |
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Monoclonal Antibodies three functions? |
•Diagnostic •Autoimmune •Cancer |
Mad at the end is a monoclonal antibodies |
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Serological Testing |
Blood test determine the presence of antigens/antibodies |
Testing serum |
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Six Serological Testing techniques? |
•Agglutination •Complement-Fixation •ELISA •Immunofluorescence •Nephelometric •Precipitation |
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Precipitation |
•Immune complex forms antibodies bind to antigens •Immune complexes form insoluble precipitation |
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Agglutination |
•Similar to precipitation •Antibodies bind to antigens & causes clumping of the target •e.g.blood type •Cold agglutinin disease can't live in cold weather |
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Nephelometry |
•Determine levels of various immunoglobulins (antibody) •Antigen- antibody complexes scatters light •Amount of light scattered calculates levels of antigens |
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ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) |
•Antibodies labelled w/an enzyme •Enzyme changes color when bound to substrate |
Testing for HIV & viral diseases very accurate |
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ELISA labelled antibodies? |
•Added to solution containing antigens •Bind antigens forms immune complex •Excess reagents are washed off |
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ELISA final steps? |
•Add solution contains substrates, to solution containing immune complex •Substrates bind to enzyme label, enzyme color changes |
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Immunofluorescence |
•Uses antibodies w/fluorescent label •Bound antigen-antibody complexes will fluoresce |
•Compliment fixation not used. •Take patient blood remove all proteins •Add in RBC & antibodies •Form complex & any excess compliment mutation |