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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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human population growth |
the need for food grows something happened in 2010, we transitioned from rural to urban species |
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anthropogenic impacts on forest cover |
forest hold 289 gigatons of carbon in biomass deforestation ratess of primary forests is oging down 13% of worlds forest are protected areas |
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Wildlife Trade |
wild meat is used for food, 2nd use medicine, west and central africa 1 million ton killed every year hunting can be a greater threat than deforestation to wildlife |
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Ape Decline |
how far do you have to be from large city to find large groups of apes. as society gets richer, demand for meat consumption goes up urbanization, push species further out, decline their range |
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wildlife trade Bushmeat |
as small as rodents and as big as elephant africans eat as much meat as europeans value over 1 billion dollars commerical hunting is on the rise Bushmeat consumption shows a U shape relationship with economic developement |
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Environmental Kuznet curve |
if you plot some level of development = x-axis and some measure of environmental exploitation/ degradation = y-axis as society gets richer demand for resources goes up , emissions goes up Goes to peak, at peak society tends to realize that they are being hurt, by emisions, starts going down clean water act can be applied to wildlife trade |
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wildlife trade is everywhere |
what is showing up in us customs animals traveling, species identified only 13% more and more wildlife can not be identified , cause for worry disease vector people bring in bushmeat into usa amphibians to arachnids, birds to corals, crusteaceans |
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Fisheries |
ghostnets , lost nets, nets will keep catching fish, complete waste, huge problem shrimp bycatch, industry is not regulated, bycatch, unwanted things, tokyo fish market: tuna auctions, large phyla diversity , vast majority is not local it is a global fish |
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Decline of large preadtory fish |
number of fish caught per 100 hooks fish stockes are starting to deplete |
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Fishing Down the Food Web hypothesis |
when we start fish we target large trophic levels make lots of money those fish populations deplete then they move down a trophic level and keep fishing down ecological effect, we are depleting marine food web net decline of mean trophic level |
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effects of fishing |
coastal waters are getting highly impacted, depleting fish pop. most diversity is invertebrates not fish ornamental trade shells are being sold that are not local , 99 percent are coming from reef associated areas they are not using everything they are catching Harvesting of marine bivalves for poultry feed and edible lime Farming chickens, feed bivalves harvesting bivalves by the tons, has led to reduced stocks in the ocean Chickens industry has exploded |
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what is natural or pristine what is the natural state of ecosystem |
we need to know what an ecosystem looks like without human impacts in order to manage a conservation effort however not enough info about species , not enough quantitve data on ecosystem human impacts predate the science of ecology |
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Green Turtles in the Caribbean |
ecologists are tapping into non traditional methods in order to find out what an ecosystem looked like before human impact Columbus voyage not many turtles left today, Jackson reaching southestern Cuba , the sea was thick with turtles, ships hit turtles, |
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Shifting Baseline Syndrome the baseline(pristine) for one generation will not be the same for the next generation problem for management |
refered first to fisheries, Cod what is it? look at ecosystem, things do not change overnight pristine= ecosystem we saw as kids, it will degrade as we get older. generation dependent such as Abalones |
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size selective harvesting |
preferential removal of large individuals from populations poachers and fisheries practice mandated by management plans not very good management if you take out large individ. affects the fecundity of pop. + biomass affects offspring, correlation with large females and healthy offspring taking out large size indid. you affect sex ratio, fish are hermies and change sex with size, larger indid, tend to be one size |
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Tegula aureotincta snail |
Historical data on size + harvesting pre 1960 new surveys show that average size has declined smaller size may be due to maybe climate and not direct harvest how to test this? proper management has shown that you can reverse the trend of effects of harvesting |
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harvesting affecting other species indirectly Vaquita |
smallest marine mammals lives in gulf of california only 60 individuals left no one directly harvests Totoaba harvesting has affected Vaquita indirectly. Swim bladder of totoaba is prized given demand, setting up illegal Gill nets bycatch , Vaquita drowns in nets, |
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Sustainability vs Conservation |
Sustainability = if you want to manage resources you have to do it in a way that does not compromise the needs of future generations . Harvest in a way that preserves populations does not exclude exploitation. now its shifting towards midsize individ. harvest Conservation = stops exploitation, should be used for Vaquita. preserves biodiversity enforcement of existing regulations better approach to harvest economic incentives to hunters fishers alternative source of protein awareness of problem |
