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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In order for every animal to survive and reproduce, what must they do? And how does this happen?
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exchange materials with the environment. happens through diffusion across thin cell membranes
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How do animals with small and/or thin bodies exchange materials?
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directly with the surrounding medium
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How do anials with internal circulatory systems exchange materials?
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by transporting fluid throughout the body and eventually absorbing nutrients and disposing of wastes
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What are the three basic components of the circulatory system?
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1) a circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
2) a set of tubes (blood vessels) (not in all animals) 3) a muscular pump (the heart) |
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What are the functions of the circulatory system?
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-transport of respiratory gases, nutrients. metabolic wastes. hormones and heat
-body defence and wound repair (immune system) -hydrostatic skeleton |
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Describe an open circulatory system
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-vessels open into body
-blood mixes with intercellular fluid to form hemolpymphheart(s) pumps hemolymphthrough vessels into sinuses(spaces) surrounding tissues/organs • exchange of materials occursbetween cells and hemolymph • heart draws hemolymph backinto the circulatory systemthrough pores called ostia • found in most arthropods andmollusks |
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describe a closed circulatory system
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• fluid (blood) is confined in closedvessels• confined blood does not mix withintercellular fluid• hierarchy of vessels• unidirectional blood flow• nutrients and gases diffuse from bloodto interstitial fluid bathing the cells,and from there into cells• found in all vertebrates and someinvertebrates (cephalopod molluscs,annelid worms)
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which system has blood as a fluid?
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closed
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which system has hemolymph as a fluid?
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open
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Which system has a low fluid pressure? which has a high?
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open; closed
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Which system has a high speed of circulation
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closed
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Which system has a highly regulated distribution of fluid flow?
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closed
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Which system has a high (30%) fluid volume?
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open
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Which system has a low energy requirement?
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open
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Give three example taxa with an open circulatory system
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arthropods
molluscs some annelids |
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give three examples of taxa with closed circulatory systems
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vertebrates
cephalopods annelids |
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List three types of pumps in the circulatory system and in whom it is found)
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1) simple collapsible tube surrounded by muscles--vertebrates
2) peristalic pump ---annelids and insects 3) chamber pumps --vertebrates and molluscs |
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What are the two main solution to invertebrate circulation?
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direct diffusion and active transport
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Explain direct diffusion
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simple body plan
gastrovascular cavity cells bathed in fluid |
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Explain active transport
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many cell layers
circulatory fluid set of tubes pump circulatory system can be either open of closed |
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How many atria and ventricles is in the vertebrate and which receives blood and which pumps blood
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1 or 2 atria receive blood entering the heart
1 or 2 ventricles pump blood out of the heart towards organs |
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What kind of blood do arteries carry and to where?
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arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to organs,and send de-oxygenated blood to lungs or gills
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What kind of blood do veins return blood from and to where?
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veins return blood from the body tissues back to the heart, andcarry oxygen-rich blood to the heart from the lungs
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describe capillaries
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they are miscroscopic, thin-walled vessels found in al tissues
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In vertebrate circulation is it one circuit or double circuit?
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can be either
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In the vertebrate cardiovascular systems what increases?
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-number of heart chambers (2 to 4)
-contractile power of the heart -blood pressure -single to double circuit blood flow -separation of oxy and deoxy blood -efficiency of blood flow and diffusion of materials -overall complexity of cardiovascular system |
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Is a fish a vertebrate or invertebrate?
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vertebrate
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How many chamber does a fish heart have? What are they?
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2 (atrium and ventricle)
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Does a fish have single or double blood flow?
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single
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What are the two types or circulation that fish have? Which is first?
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gill circulation and systemic circulation.
gill is first |
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Describe gill circulation
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blood goes from ventricle to gill capillaries wheregases are exchanged
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Describe systemic circulation
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then on the systemic capillaries for exchange withcells
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After the systemic circulation in fish, where does the blood go?
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back to atrium
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Where in the body of the fish is the pressure high and where is it low?
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high pressure in gills, low pressure in tissues
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What lowers blood pressure thus slowing blood flow?
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capillary bedsd
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Who has double circulation? How many pumps does the heart have?
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amphibians, reptiles , mammals.
double pump |
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T/F
In double circulation, oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped together |
FALSE
Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separatelyfrom the right and left sides of the heart |
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Which maintains a higher blood pressure? double circulation or single circulation?
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double circulation
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How many chambers are in the amphibians heart? and what are they?
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3-chambered heart
2 atria +1 ventricle |
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Do amphibians have double or single circulation? and what are the type/s of circulation?
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double
pulmocutaneous and systemic |
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What does the ridge in the ventricle in amphibians do?
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paritally separates de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood in the ventricle
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What happens to the blood flow of amphibians underwater?
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blood flow to the lungs is nearly shut off and thusmost of the blood flows to the skin
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How many chambers does a reptile heart have? (excluding birds and crocs)
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3 chambered heart
2 atria 1 ventricle |
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What type of circulation does it have? name it/them
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double circulation
pulmonary and systemic |
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Why is there minimum mixing in the ventricle of the reptile heart?
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partial septum--functionally 4 chambered heart
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Explain the blood flow in a reptile heart
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The single ventricle allows blood arriving from thesystemic circulation (de-oxygenated) to bypass thepulmonary circulation and go straight to the systemiccirculation. This is used during diving and hibernationin turtles.
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How many chambers does a bird and mammal heart have? name them
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4 chambers
2 atria and 2 ventricles |
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What is the ventricle completely divided by in mammals and birds?
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a full septum
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in mammals and birds what type of circulation do they have//name them
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double circulation
pulmonary and systemic |
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In mammals and birds, the blood pressure, blood volume and flow rate to the tissues are all....
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high
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Since mammals and birds permit endothermy, what does this enhance and increase?
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enhances O2 delivery and removal of wastes
increased energy capacity |
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Are mammals and birds a divergent evolution or convergent evolution? Why?
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convergent
because they evolved this type of system independently |
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When the heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle, that is called:
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cardiac cycle
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What does diastole mean?
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relaxation: blood flow into the heart
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What does systole mean?
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contraction: blood pumped out of the heart
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What is cardiac output?
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he volume of blood each ventricle pump per minute
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What does the cardiac output depend on?
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the rate of contraction and the amount of blood pump by the ventricle in a single contraction
aka. heart rate and stroke volume |
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What type of valve lies between each atrium and ventricle?
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atrioventricular valve
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Where are semilunar valves located?
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at the two exists of the heart. Where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and where the pulmonary artery leaved the right ventricle
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What is sinoatrial node? and what is also known as?
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rhythmic heart beat is generated by a cluster ofautorhythmic cells that automatically produce electricalimpulses
pacemaker |
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What do sinoatrial nodes do?
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set the rate and timing of contraction of al cardiac muscle cells
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What does the atrioventricular node do?
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delays the transmission of the impulse and allows the atria to empty completely before the ventricles contract
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Where do the electrical signals travel from the AV node to? and Via what?
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to the bottom of the heart
-purkinje fibres |
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What regulates the SA node?
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the nervous and endocrine system
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What are the different layers of arteries and veins?
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outer layer
middle layer inner layer lumen |
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Under what conditions are arteries thick and elastic
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under high blood pressure
need to resist and maintain blood pressure |
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under what conditions are veins thinner
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under lower blood pressure
large veins have valves to prevent blood back flow |
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why is blood flow the slowest in capillary beds?
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Because the total crosssectionalarea of thecapillary beds is muchhigher than the totalcross sectional area ofthe arteries
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Why is the blood flow slow in capillaries?
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for exchange of materials
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When does blood velocity decline?
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with decreasing rigidity of blood vessels and with distance from the heart
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In what direction does blood flow?
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from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure
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How is blood pressure contracted?
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by the heart
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What is blood pressure?
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hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel
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What is the point of the recoil of arterial walls?
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essential to maintain blood pressure and blood flow
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What two mechanisms regulate the amount of blood reaching the capillarues?
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precapillary sphincters
contraction of smooth muscles in arterioles |
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where are some molecules carried across endothelial membranes in vesicles released?
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in interstitial fluid
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T/F
Do small molecules diffuse into and out of a capillary up the concentration gradient? |
FALSE
down it |
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What does the differential between blood pressure and the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluidsfavour?
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fluid loss from the inflow end of a capillary and fluid recovery at the other end
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Where is interstitial fluid not recovered by capillaries returned to? and via what?
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circulatory system
via lymphatic system |
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What is the lymphatic system?
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Extensive network of vessels that (i) collectexcess interstitial fluid (lymph) and lipidsabsorbed from the small intestine, and (ii)return them to the blood circulation
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What acts as a filter and participates in the body's immune system?
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lymphoid tissues and organs
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What do macrophages and leucocytes destroy/remove?
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viruses, bacteria, damaged cells and cellular debris from lymph and bloodstream
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T/F
In invertebrates with open circulation, is the circulating fluid(hemolymph) is different from interstitial fluid? |
no
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