Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
arousal=
|
physiological and psychological state o being awake
|
|
arousal is nonuniform meaning that
|
we can be alert or fail to notice whats going on
|
|
5 neurotransmitters involved in arousal
|
ACh,NE,serotonin,histamine, hypocretin
|
|
T or F: too much arousal or too little ca affect tasks
|
true
|
|
ACh found in (3)
NE found in (1) serotonin found in (1) Histamine found in (1) hypocretin found in (1) |
-dorsal pons,basal forebrain,medial septum
-locus coeruleus -raphe nucleus -TMN -lateral hypo |
|
ACh antagonist ____cortical arousal while agonist
|
decrease,increae
|
|
can use ___to measure ACh release in hippo/striatum/frontal cortex when looking at arousal
|
micro-dialysis
|
|
if deactivate cholinergic neurons in forebrain what happens
|
block ACh release in cerebral cortex from dorsal pons
|
|
NE neurons firing ____when awake/alert and____during sleep
|
increase,decrease
|
|
LC activity related to
|
vigilance(continuous attention which decreases when bored)
|
|
firing of LC neurons is high during____if monkey working for long time performance ___so LC firing___
|
best performance,decreases,decreases
|
|
stimulate raphe nuclei=
|
locomotion and cortical arousal
|
|
serotonin neuron activation facilities
|
continuous movement
|
|
serotonin activity declines when
|
respond to novel stimuli like orienting your response
|
|
projections of histamine neurons to basal forebrain influences
|
ACh release in cerebral cortex
|
|
if block histamine receptor=
Histamine neuron activity high during__and low during ___ |
-decrease in waking, increase in sleep
-waking,sleep |
|
hypocretin also called
|
orexin
|
|
hypocretin neurons terminate in areas
|
involved in arousal
|
|
high levels of hypocretin released during (2)
|
REM sleep,active waking
|
|
hypocretin plays role in
|
motor activity
|
|
if inject hypocretin into LC=
|
increase in muscle tone
|
|
rostral to hypo have the __involved in sleep behaviour therefore destruction of this area=
|
preoptic area, insomnia
|
|
in cats sleep suppression may lead to death, and electrical stimulation of preoptic area=(2)
|
drowsiness, maybe immediate sleep
|
|
the ventrolateral preoptic area neuron activity __during sleep and lesions here cause____. VLPA neurons have ____neurons which send axons to (3)
|
increase,suppression of sleep, inhibitory GABA secreting neurons, TMN/raphe/LC
|
|
VLPA receives__inputs from the same regions it inhibits. This reciprocal inhibition=___circuit which has ON or OFF state. Explain what happen in on state vs off
|
-inhibitory
-flip-flop -ON=arousal system active, sleep promoting area in VLPA inhibited=animal awake -OFF= arousal system wake region inhibited, VLPA sleep region active=animal asleep |
|
Can neurons in both regions of VLPA and arousal system be active at same time
|
NO
|
|
hypocretin neurons stabilize flip flop by
|
promoting wakefulness and inhibiting sleep (keeps flip flop in ON state) else we'd fall asleep during waking hours
|
|
cerebral metabolism during REM is
|
is high as metabolism during waking hours
|
|
PGO waves-->pons,geniculate,occipital are
|
short electrical bursts, measured in animals invasively
|
|
PGO waves start in ___go to ___and then to___-
|
pons,LGN,occipital(visual cortex)
|
|
first manifestation of REM sleep
|
PGO waves
|
|
ACh acts as a ___to help REM sleep
|
agonist
|
|
ACh levels ___during waking hours/REM sleep and___during ___sleep
|
high,low,slow wave
|
|
ACh neurons responsible for REM found in(2) both of which found in region called
|
PPT&LDT,peribrachial area
|
|
peribrachial areas neuron related to___the neuron increases activity__-
|
sleep cycle, before REM starts
|
|
in peribracial there is __cells that fire only during
|
REM-ON, REM
|
|
Lesions to peribrachial=
|
decrease in REM
|
|
neurons in peribrachial affect many areas of brain that control
|
eye movements
|
|
SLD contains__neurons while vlPAG contains__neurons
|
REM-ON,REM-OFF
|
|
stimulating REM-ON=___inhibiting____
stimulating REM-OFF=____inhibiting ____ |
-REM sleep, disrupts REM sleep
-suppress REM, increases REM sleep |
|
circadian rhythm=
and are controlled by |
daily change in behaviour in cycle of 24 hours, internal biological clocks
|
|
light serves as_____to biological clock which keep clock adjusted to 24 hours due to changing levels of light
|
Zeitgeber-->time giver
|
|
if animal kept in constant darkeness/dim light a brief period of light will
|
reset internal clock
|
|
rats active during__. if shift cycle few hours what happens to rats activity cycle. If light constantly dim rat finds own source of rhythm because
|
night, changes as well, internal clock
|
|
in rats clock found in___. Lesions here=____. This area receives projections of fibres from __because
|
-SCN
-disrupt circadian rhythm/timing of sleep cycles DOES NOT affect total sleep amount -retina because light is primary zeitgeber (called retinahypothalamic pathway) |
|
shift work or jet lag causes
|
-dysynchronization between SCN controlled circadian rhythm and external environment
-leads to sleep disturbance,mood changes, affect normal functioning during waking hours |