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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Q ; What is delirium? |
A; an acute state of confusion - disorientation and impaired attentional skills and consciousness (include language, memory or perceptual disturbances) - develops over periods of hours and can fluctuate - onset = short and abrupt |
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Q; What are the Causes of Delirium? |
A; ex. high fever, malnutrition, dehydration, acute infection - brain trauma/ injury - drug intoxication - brain changes due to a neurocognitive disorder - environmental stressors |
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Q; What are some treatments for Delirium? |
A; 1) identify cause 2) acute delirium - brought on by substance withdrawal - treated w/ anti psychotics 3) psycho social treatment use (help cope with anxiety, agitation and hallucinations) |
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Q; What is a major neurocognitive disorder? |
A; Key characteristics ~ gradual deterioration of brain affects ; judgement, memory, language, and other cognitive processes prevalance; depends on cause |
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Q; What is a mild neurocognitive disorder? |
A; key characteristics; focuses on early stages of cognitive decline, modest and do not interfere with independence in every activities prevalance; depends on cause |
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Q; What is the most cognitive neurocognitive Disorder? |
A; Alzeheimer's Disease prevalance; over 5 million Americans problems associated; memory, orientation, judgement and reasoning |
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Q; What is the symptom course for Alzheimer's? |
A; 1) initial memory and learning problems develop gradually then get worse 2) irritability and avoidance of social situations 3) Aphasia (inability to understand speech), apraxia (problem saying sounds), agnosia, and anomia unable to recall names and objects 4) difficulty w/ everyday tasks |
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Q; What happens in the Brain with Alzheimer's? |
A; - widespread synaptic neuronal loss a) neurofibrillary tangles - found inside nerve cell - twisted fibres of tau (core protein which helps transport nutrients to cells) b) Neuritic (beta amyloid) plaques - composed of beta amyloid - aggregate in spaces between neurons |
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Q; What the causes effected/ that effect Alzheimers? |
A; genetic & environmental |
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Q; What are the genetic causes of Alzheimer's? |
A; a) early onset (before 65) ~ stronger family risk, mutations of gene encoding amyloid protein and beta processing b) late onset (after age 65) ~ APOE gene clears beta amyloid by products from brain |
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Q; What are some environmental causes of Alzheimers? |
A; Lifestyle variables! - bad diet can cause cardiovascular disease and stroke increase risk of developing Alzheimers |
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Q; What is vascular neurocognitive disorder? |
A; key characteristics ~ cognitive declines due to reduced blood flow in brain - can be because of stroke or other reasons -have abrupt onset prevalance; 2nd most frequent after Alzheimers |
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Q; what is frontotemportal neurocognitive disorder? |
A; key characteristics; reduction of the anterior lobes of the frontal and temporal lobes prevalance; ~2 to 3 per 100,000 people symptoms; changes in behaviour, personality, social skills - difficulty with speech or word meaning |
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Q; What are neurocognitive disorders due to Traumatic Brain Injuries? (a.k.a concussions) |
A; can come from any traumatic event ~ ex. accident, fall, assault etc key characteristics; ranges from mild to severe ~ ex. concussion, cerebral laceration - symptoms (loss of consciousness, depression etc) all depend on area of brain affeced |
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Q; What is Lewy Body Dementia? |
A; Abnormal versions of protein found in neuron
key characteristics; changes in alertness, attention can have hallucinations - impaired mobility, language and memory still in tact |
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Q; What is Parkinson's Disease? |
A; Key Factors; tremor of hands, arms, legs, jaw or face, slowness in initiating movement, drooping posture or impaired balance and coordination prevalance; ~630,000 individuals (US - Canada 100,000) |
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Q; what percentage of people will develop a neurocognitive disorder? |
A; ~1/3 of people |
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Q; What is a substance induced neurocognitive disorder? |
A; key factors - delirium associated w/ extreme substance intoxication, withdrawal - use of multiple substances or inhalant use - symptoms are usually common with people who have history with heavy substance use - can subside if abstinent |
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Q; What is a HIV infection (neurocognitive disorder) |
A; few know that cognitive problems are the first signs of an untreated HIV infection symptoms; slower mental processing, difficulty w/ complex tasks |
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Q; What is huntington's disease (neurocognitive disorder) |
A; rare genetically transmitted disorder - offspring have 50/50 chance getting disease |
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Q; What type of cause is Prion Disease? |
A; prions - infectious pathogens that are structurally different than other pathogens - produce spongy holes in the brain |
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Q; What are the 5 treatments to Neurocognitive disorders? |
A; first --> medical condition is treated 1) rehabilitation services 2) biological treatments 3) psychological treatments 4) lifestyle changes 5) environmental support |
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Q; What are the 3 things that the DSM-5 states are understood to be a healthy self? |
A; 1) Identity - self as unique with positive self belief of oneself 2) Self direction - motivate to have goals to reach 3) Positive Interpersonal Relationships - empathy, intimacy etc - personality disorders are considered to be off from this^ |
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Q; What is the 5 factor model by McCrae and Costa |
A; 1) Extraversion 2) Neuroticism 3) Agreeableness 4) Conscientiousness 5) Openness to Experience |
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q; What is a personality Disorder? |
A; key characterisitics; enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates from expectations from culture - can lead to an impairment in functioning |
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Q; What are the 3 clusters of personality Disorders |
A; 1) Cluster A ( odd or eccentric) 2) Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic) 3) Cluster C (anxious or fearful) |
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Q; What are the personality disorders from Cluster A? |
A; paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypical
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Q; What are the personality disorders from cluster B? |
A; borderline, narcissistic, histrionic and antisocial |
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Q; What are the personality disorders from Cluster C |
A; Dependent, Avoidant, Obsessive Compulsive |
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Q; What are the general causes of personality disorder? |
A; 1) Genetic - heritability ~ 40 - 60% 2) Environmental - early emotional, physical or sexual abuse |
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Q; Cluster A; Paranoid Personality Disorder |
A; Key Characteristics; excessive mistrust and suspicion of others w/o any justification - unwarranted suspiciouness and hypersensitivity - rigid in thinking and preoccupied with beliefs, prone to starting fights prevalance; 2.3% - 4.4% |
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Q; Cluster A; Schizoid Personality Disorder |
A; key characteristics; detachment from social relationships and small sense of expression of emotion - history of social isolation, emotional coldness Prevalence; 3.1 - 4.9% - few seek treatment (psychotherapy) |
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Q; Cluster A; Schizotypical Personality Disorder |
A; Key characteristics - odd, eccentric, paranoid or peculiar behaviours or thoughts with alot of discomfort - more common w/ family members who have schizophrenia Prevalence; 3.9% |
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Q; What are the causes to Schizotypical Personality Disorder |
A; 1) Genetic 2) Biological - few seek treatment |
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Q; cluster B - Antisocial Personality Disorder |
A; Key characteristics - continuous pattern of disregard for law and violation of others - failure to conform, impulsivity, reckless disregard for safety - evidence is before age 15 Prevalance; 0.6% - 4.5% |
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Q; what are some causes of antisocial personality treatment? |
A; 1) gene-environment interactions may play a role - adoption studies 2) Under arousal hypothesis - low corticol levels lead to sensation and stimulation seeking 3) Fearlessness hypothesis |
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Q; What are some treatments for Antisocial Personality ? |
A; intervening in childhood - Cognitive therapy ~ guide client away from self focus - CBT |
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Q; Cluster B - Borderline Personality Disorder |
A; Key characteristics - enduring pattern of volatile emotional reactions, instability in relationships, low self esteem and impulsive actions prevalance - 1.6% - 5.9% |
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q; What are the causes of Borderline Personality Disorder? |
A; 1) Biological - genetic - brain structure ~ reduced brain volume in sections involved w/ emotion regulation - more negative responses to exclusion and inclusion Psychological - negative cognitions and thoughts Social - early childhood abuse/ neglect |
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Q; What are some treatments to BPD? |
A; 1) Medication - antidepressants, lithium 2) Psychotherapy a Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (Linehan, 1993) Stage 1- developing stable life stage 2 - address traumatic experience Stage 3 - self respect b) Dynamic Deconstructive Psychotherapy c) Transference-focused Psychotherapy |
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Q; histrionic Personality Disorder |
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