Learning Outcome 6.3

Front 1

When the body is at rest, where is the blood?

Back 1

4% - Heart

The rest in the blood vessels, 13% of that is in the brain.

Front 2

The Vascular System

Back 2

An elaborate system of vessels in the body.

Front 3

Arteries

Back 3

Carry blood away from the heart.

Front 4

Veins

Back 4

Return blood to the heart.

Front 5

Capillaries

Back 5

Connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins.

Front 6

Tunics

Back 6

The three layers of veins and arteries.

Front 7

Tunica Intima

Back 7

The innermost layer of vessels. Consists of a simple squamous epithelium.

Front 8

Tunica Media

Back 8

The middle layer of vessels. The thickest layer in arteries.

Front 9

Tunica Externa

Back 9

The outer layer of vessels. The thickest layer in veins.

Front 10

Aneurysm

Back 10

When a portion of the arterial wall weakens, and the blood pressure creates a bulge.

Front 11

Conducting Arteries

Elastic Arteries

Back 11

The body's largest arteries that expand as blood surges into them and recoil when the ventricles relax.

Front 12

Distributing Arteries

Muscular Arteries

Back 12

Arteries that carry blood to specific organs and areas of the body.

Front 13

Arterioles

Resistance Vessels

Back 13

The smallest arteries that can resist the flow of blood, helping regulate blood pressure as well as control how much blood enters an organ through the contraction of smooth muscle in their walls.

Front 14

Metarterioles

Back 14

Short connecting vessels that connect arterioles to capillaries.

Front 15

Which are thinner: arteries or veins?

Back 15

Veins

Front 16

Capacitance Vessels

Back 16

Another name for veins, given because they have a great capacity for storing blood.

Front 17

Medium-Sized Veins

Back 17

These veins have thicker, more elastic walls that contain one-way valves that prevent backflow. The most valves can be found in the legs, which must fight the forces of gravity.

Front 18

Venules

Back 18

The smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries. The tunica media is poorly developed. Venules are porous and can exchange fluid with surrounding tissues.

Front 19

Exchange Vessels

Back 19

Another name for capillaries, since nutrients, wastes, and hormones are transferred between blood and tissues.

Front 20

Capillary Beds

Back 20

Networks that capillaries are organized into.

Front 21

Microcirculation

Back 21

The connection between arterioles and venules, using capillaries.

Front 22

Precapillary Sphincter

Back 22

Located at the beginning of each capillary bed. Regulates the flow of blood into the network.

Front 23

Sinusoid

Back 23

A unique capillary that is more permeable, allowing for the passage of large substances such as proteins and blood cells.

Front 24

Capillary Exchange

Back 24

Release chemicals like oxygen, glucose, hormones, and nutrients.

Take up waste like CO2 and ammonia; take up substances that need to be transported.

Water moves into and out of capillaries.

Front 25

Diffusion Of Capillaries

Back 25

Oxygen diffuses out of capillaries and into surrounding fluid.

CO2 diffuses into the capillaries.

Front 26

Filtration

Back 26

Occurs close to the arterial side of the capillary bed. The higher pressure in the capillary pushes plasma and dissolved nutrients through the capillary wall and into the fluid in the surrounding tissues.

Front 27

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Back 27

Occurs toward the venous side of the capillary bed. Process whereby albumin in the blood pulls tissue fluid into capillaries.

Front 28

Edema

Back 28

When fluid filters out of the capillaries faster than it's reabsorbed. Causes swelling in the ankles, fingers, abdomen, or face.

Front 29

What causes Edema?

Back 29

1. Increased capillary filtration

2. Reduced capillary reabsorption

3. Obstructed Lymphatic Drainage

Front 30

Where does the body's main portal system occur?

Back 30

The liver

Front 31

Portal System

Back 31

A system in which blood flows through two networks of capillaries.

Front 32

Anastomosis

Back 32

A natural connection between two vessels.

Front 33

Arteriovenous Anastomosis

Back 33

When blood flows directly from on artery to a vein.

Front 34

Venous Anastomosis

Back 34

When blood flows directly from a one vein to another vein.

Front 35

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 35

Begins at the right ventricle and involves the circulation of blood through the lungs.

Front 36

Systematic Circulation

Back 36

Begins at the left ventricle and involves the circulation of blood through the body.

Front 37

Pulmonary Circulation Route

Back 37

1. Right Ventricle

2. Pulmonary Arteries

3. Lobar Arterties in the lungs

4. Arterioles

5. Lung Capillaries

6. Venules

7. Veins

8. Pulmonary Vein

9. Left Atrium

Front 38

Circle of Willis

Back 38

Branches from the internal carotids and basilar artery form several anastomoses to create a circle of arteries at the base of the brain.

Front 39

Pressure Gradient

Back 39

The differences in pressure.

Front 40

Systolic Pressure

Back 40

As the left ventricle contracts, it ejects blood into the aorta, producing a normal pressure of 110 mm Hg.

Front 41

Diastolic Pressure

Back 41

When the ventricle relaxes, the pressure drops to an average of 70 mm Hg.

Front 42

Sphygmomanometer

Back 42

Measures BP

Front 43

Normal BP

Back 43

Less than 120/80 mm Hg

Front 44

Prehypertension

Back 44

120-139/80-89 mm Hg

Front 45

Stage I Hypertension

Back 45

140-159/90-99 mm Hg

Front 46

Stage II Hypertension

Back 46

160/100 mm Hg or greater

Front 47

Hypertension

Back 47

When blood pressure is higher than normal.

Front 48

Hypotension

Back 48

When blood pressure is lower than normal.

Front 49

Vasomotion

Back 49

Adjusting the diameter of blood vessels.

Front 50

Vasodilation

Back 50

An increase in vessel diameter caused by the relaxation of vascular muscles.

Front 51

Vasoconstriction

Back 51

A reduction of the diameter of a vessel.

Front 52

Atherosclerosis

Back 52

The hardening and narrowing of the arteries.

Front 53

Vasomotor Center

Back 53

An area of the medulla in the brain that sends impulses via the autonomic nervous system to alter blood vessel diameter and blood pressure.

Front 54

Baroreceptors

Back 54

In the carotid sinus and aortic arch. They detect changes in blood pressure and transmit signals along the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to the cardiac control center and the vasomotor center in the medulla.

Front 55

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Back 55

When leg muscles contract, they massage the veins in the legs, propelling blood toward the heart. The valves in the veins ensure the blood flows upward.

Front 56

Respiratory Pump

Back 56

During inhalation, the chest expands and the diaphragm moves downward, causing the pressure in the chest cavity to drop and the pressure in the abdominal cavity to rise. This forces blood upward toward the thorax.