Learning Outcome 3

Front 1

Types of Cells

Back 1

-Nerve Cells

-Muscle Cells

-Red blood Cells

-Gland Cells

-Immune Cells

Front 2

Plasma Membrane

Back 2

Surrounds the cell, defining the boundaries of the cell. The plasma membrane also regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell. Consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein.

Front 3

Nucleus

Back 3

The central and most important part of the cell. It is the cell's control center, containing all of the cell's genetic info. Most cells have only one nucleus, although a few contain multiple nuclei.

Front 4

Nuclear Envelope

Back 4

A double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

Front 5

Nuclear Pores

Back 5

Pores perforating the nuclear envelope that regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus.

Front 6

Chromatin

Back 6

Thread like structures composed of DNA and protein that coils tightly into short, rod-like structures when a cell begins to divide.

Front 7

Nucleolus

Back 7

In the center of the nucleus. The nucleolus manufactures components of ribosomes.

Front 8

Ribosomes

Back 8

The cell's protein-producing structures.

Front 9

Cytoplasm

Back 9

The gel-like substance that fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus Packed with organelles.

Front 10

Organelles

Back 10

Perform specific tasks in cellular metabolism. "Little organs"

Front 11

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

A network of membranous canals and curving sacs that extend throughout the cytoplasm.

Front 12

Smooth ER

Back 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Er without ribosomes. Contains enzymes that synthesize certain lipids and carbohydrates.

Front 13

Rough ER

Back 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Organelles called ribosomes dot the surface of some of the ER and give the ER a "rough" appearance.

Front 14

Golgi Apparatus

Back 14

Made up of flattened membranous sacs stacked one on top of the other. It receives proteins from the ER and prepares and packages them for export to other parts of the body.

Front 15

Centrioles

Back 15

Two of these bundles of microtubules lie perpendicular to each other and play a role in cell division.

Front 16

Lysosomes

Back 16

Membranous vesicles that form from pinched-off pieces of the golgi aparatus. They break down protein the cell doesn't and besides cleaning out the cell, this allows the cell to "reuse" amino acids.

Front 17

Process of the Golgi Apparatus

Back 17

1. The ER delivers a protein molecule to the golgi apparatus.

2. The protein passes through each of the sacs of the Golgi apparatus, undergoing modifications along the way.

3. At the end of the process, the golgi apparatus envelopes the protein and then pinches off the portion of itself containing the protein, creating a vesicle.

4. Some of the vesicles travel to the surface of the cell, fuse with the plasma membrane, and pop open to release the protein inside. Others become lysosomes; still others become secretory vesicles that store substances like breast milk or digestive enzymes for later secretion.

Front 18

Mitochondria

Back 18

The powerhouse of the cell. Converts organic compounds into ATP, which cells use for energy.

Front 19

Cristae

Back 19

The folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Front 20

Cytoskeleton

Back 20

The supporting framework of the cell, made of protein filaments and rod-like structures. It determines the shape of the cell, gives it strength, and also allows the cell to move. It also helps organize the contents of the cell.

Front 21

Microvilli

Back 21

Folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of a cell. Can increase a cell's absorptive area as much as 40 times.

Front 22

Cilia

Back 22

Hair-like processes along the surface of a cell. Cilia moves, beating in waves in the same direction that helps move things like mucus and foreign particles.

Front 23

Flagella

Back 23

Has a whip-like motion that helps move a cell.

Front 24

What is the purpose of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Back 24

To stiffen and strengthen the plasma membrane.

Front 25

What are the roles of proteins in the plasma membrane?

Back 25

-Act as channels, allowing solutes to pass in and out of the cell

-Receptors for specific chemicals or hormones

-Attached carbohydrates form glycoproteins that act as markers for the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign invaders

Front 26

Chromosomes

Back 26

When a cell begins to divide, the chromatin coils tightly into short, rod-like structures called chromosomes.

Front 27

Passive Transport

Back 27

Doesn't require energy. Includes: diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion.

Front 28

Diffusion

Back 28

Involves the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 29

Equilibrium

Back 29

The point at which no further diffusion occurs.

Front 30

Concentration Gradient

Back 30

A difference in concentration of a substance from one point to another.

Front 31

Osmosis

Back 31

Involves the diffusion of water down the concentration gradient though a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 32

Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 32

The pressure of water from one side to another.

Front 33

Osmotic Pressure

Back 33

Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis.

Front 34

Tonicity

Back 34

The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell through osmosis.

Front 35

Isotonic

Back 35

The concentration of solutes is the same on the outside of a cell as it is in the cell.

Front 36

Hypertonic

Back 36

A higher concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell compared to the fluid within the cell. Water will diffuse out of the cell.

Front 37

Hypotonic

Back 37

The solution on the outside of the cell contains a lower concentration of solutes compared to the fluid within the cell. Water will move by osmosis into the cell.

Front 38

Filtration

Back 38

Water and dissolved particles are forced across a membrane from an area of higher to lower hydrostatic pressure.

Example: Coffee pot

Front 39

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 39

Particles move from an area of high to low concentration with the help of a channel protein that's part of the plasma membrane.

Front 40

Active Transport

Back 40

Solutes move up the concentration gradient. From areas lesser to greater concentration, using energy provided by ATP.

Front 41

Active Transport Pump

Back 41

Particles are pumped from an area of low to high concentration by an energy-consuming structure in the plasma membrane.

Front 42

Transport by Vesicles

Back 42

Using energy, the cell membrane creates a vesicle to transport the matter either into the cell or out of the cell.

Front 43

Endocytosis

Back 43

The form of vesicular transport that brings substances into the cell. Traps a substance that's too large to diffuse through the plasma membrane and brings it into the cell.

"Endo" means to "take into"

Front 44

Phagocytosis

Back 44

Occurs when the cell engulfs a solid particle and brings it into the cell.

"Cell eating"

Front 45

Pinocytosis

Back 45

Occurs when tiny vacuoles bring droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances into the cell.

"Cell drinking"

Front 46

Exocytosis

Back 46

Uses vesicles to release substances outside of the cell.

Front 47

What are the two main phases of protein synthesis?

Back 47

Transcription and Translation

Front 48

What are the three steps that occur in transcription?

Back 48

1. When the nucleus receives a chemical message to make a new protein, the segment of DNA with the relevant gene unwinds.

2. An RNA enzyme then assembles RNA nucleotides that would be complementary to the exposed bases. The nucleotides attach to the exposed DNA and then bind to each other to form a strand of messenger RNA. This strand is an exact copy of the opposite side of the DNA molecule.

3. The length of mRNA actually consists of a series of three bases. Each triplet, called a codon, is the code for one amino acid.

Front 49

Protein Synthesis: Translation

Back 49

Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA attaches to a ribosome, which consists of rRNA and enzymes. There, it begins the process of being translated into a protein. The ribosome moves along the strand of mRNA reading the codons.

Front 50

Anticodon

Back 50

The three bases of tRNA

Front 51

Codon

Back 51

The code for one amino acid

Front 52

The Cell Cycle

Back 52

1. First gap phase (G1): Synthesis of components needed for DNA

2. Synthesis phase (S): DNA replication

3. Second gap phase (G2): Preparation for mitosis

4. Mitotic phase (M): Cell division

Front 53

The Cell Cycle: Interphase

Back 53

The time between mitotic phases, which includes phases G1, S, and G2.

Front 54

The Cell Cycle: G0 Phase (G-Zero)

Back 54

Some cells leave the cell cycle and enter a period of rest in which they don't divide called the G-Zero phase.

Front 55

Mitosis

Back 55

When a cell splits into two identical daughter cells.

Front 56

What are the four steps to mitosis?

Back 56

*Page 51*

Front 57

Chromatids

Back 57

A strand from chromosomes that contain a single molecule of DNA.

Front 58

Centromere

Back 58

Where two chromatids join together in the center.