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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acquisition
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- is the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US)
- proceeds rapidly in the beginning of conditioning trials // levels off |
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what is the maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in a particular situation?
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- Asymptote
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in general, + US intensity =
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+ speed of conditioning
+ strength of conditioning ex big-dog dog bite |
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how can graph acquisition?
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Strength of CR (rate of response) as a function of Conditioning trials (#)
- it will reach an asymptote |
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in general, + NS intensity =
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+ speed of conditioning
+ strength of conditioning ex pavlovs loud metronome |
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Extinction
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- a conditioned response can be weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented in the absence if the US
- applies to both the procedure and process in which this happens |
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Acquisition vs. Extinction
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- strengthening a conditional relationships
vs - weakening a conditional relationship |
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once a NS has become a CS ....
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- it can no longer return to being a pure NS
- a response that has been extinguished can be reacquired quite rapidly when the CS (or NS) is again paired with the US |
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Spontaneous Recovery
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- reappearence of a conditioned response following a rest period after extinction
- response recovered is weaker - need for several sessions of extinction ex anxiety on a first date followed bu comfort anxiety recovers on the second date gradually declines after several sessions __prop__ what determines the intensity of spontaneous recovery is the level strength between CS and CR - weakening of inhibition during extinction |
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Extinction involves...
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- learning something new
extinction = inhibition not unlearning a CR but learning to inhibit CR in presence of CS - is a process that recognizes that CS and CR relationship is still active but weakening |
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Disinhibition
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- the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced
- key element is the novel stimulus seems to relapse organism back to formerly acquired behaviors |
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Disihibition vs Dishabituation
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- Both involve novel stimulus
disinhibition is the return of a CR in presence of a novel stimulus dishabituation is the return of sensitivity of a stimulus dishibition - to become not inhibited (~extinction) dishabituation - to become not habituated; return of habituated response (~habituation) |
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Spontaneous recovery vs disinhibiton
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After extinction vs during extinction
AND novel stimulus is present in disinhibition - difference when CR occurs (and novel stimulus) - spontaneous recovery response occurs after extinction - disinhibition occurs during extinction + novel stimulus |
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What is called when a CR occurs in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS?
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- stimulus generalization
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In stimulus generalization the more similar the stimulus to the original CS ...
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... the stronger the response
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Tone Dog example of stimulus generalization
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- the stronger the likeness in pitch to the original CS tone the stronger the response
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Semantic Generalization
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- is the generalization of a CR to VERBAL STIMULI that are similar in MEANING
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Semantic Generalization Keys
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- Verbal Stimuli
- Meaning |
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Stimulus Discrimination
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- the tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another
- discrimination training = discriminate between stimulus |
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Discrimination Training
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- involves a CS+ and a CS-
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Experimental Neurosis
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- experimentally produced disorder in which animals exposed to unpredictable events develop neurotic - like symptoms
- Pavlov suggested in humans may occur in a similar manner - situation marked by extreme uncertainty for prolonged exposures |
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Pavlov Theory of Personality
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- inherited differences in temperament interact with classical conditioning to produce certain patterns of behavior
- arrived because of variations of reactions in experimental neurosis studies - biological basis for personality |
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Eysenck
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- introversion and extroversion
- introverts (highly reactive external stimulus condition more easily ) - extroverts (less reactive external stimulus condition less easily) (not this simple) |
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Higher - Order Conditioning
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- a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS
NS1::US--> UR (NS1)CS1 --> CR NS2 :: CS1 --> CR CS2 --> CR - CS2 generally weaker - indirect associations |
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# order conditioning
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# = number of CS's used
2nd order NS1 : US1 --> CS1 : NS2 --> CS2 CR varies in intensity weakens with higher order |
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How is higher order conditioning used to elicit positive emotional responses by advertisers?
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- use images that naturally elicits a positive emotional response (hot chick) with their product
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Sensory Preconditioning
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- when on stimulus is conditioned as a CS another stimulus previously associated with it can also become a CS
NS1 : NS2 NS1 : US1 --> UR (NS1)CS1 --> CR CS1 --> (NS2)CS2 - CS2 is generally weaker |
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Sensory Preconditioning does not require..
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.. the pairing of NS2 to CR or to CS1 only to NS1
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NS1 : NS2 phase of sensory preconditioing
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- works best if the stimuli are paired relatively few times (prevents stimuli from becoming overly familiar ..see latent learning)
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Weird findings in sensory preconditioning...
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- relatively few pairings of neutral stimuli
- sometimes more effective if presentation is simultaneous - represents pairings without identifiable response (Tolman rat like phenomenon) |
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Compound Stimulus
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- consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more individual stimuli
- implicated in overshadowing and blocking |
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Give three examples of Specificity in Classical Conditioning
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- blocking
- overshadowing - latent inhibition |
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Overshadowing
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- the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned
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compound stimulus
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- consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more individual stimuli
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What is different between Blocking and Overshadowing
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- both describe the interference of a NS to become a CS
- both address a compound stimulus (simultaneous presentation) - in blocking however your dealing with a CS preventing a NS from becoming conditioned whereas in overshadowing you have two NS - overshadowing is to salience as blocking is to learning history |
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A more crucial factor than contiguity in conditioning is...
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- the extent to which the NS comes to act as a signal or predictor of the US
- (cognitive) act of conditioning can be said to produce an "expectation" - in blocking the NS does not appear to supply new information about what the occurrence of the CR therefore is not conditioned |
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Latent Inhibition
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- an unfamiliar stimulus is more readily conditioned than a familiar stimulus
- prevents the development of conditioned associations to redundant stimuli in the environment - novel stimuli preceding the presentation of a US that are most likely to meaningfully related to it |
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NS does not become a CS because of a more salient CS during a compound stimulus event
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blocking
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NS does not become a CS because a more intense NS during a compound stimulus event
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overshadowing
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A NS fails to be conditioned because of its familiarity
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latent inhibition
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how does schizophrenia relate to a problem with latent inhibition?
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- inability to screen irrelevant stimuli
- condition readily to familiar stimuli |
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In _______ _______ a familiar stimulus is harder to condition than an unfamiliar stimulus.
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latent inhibition
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Temporal Conditioning
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- a form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time
- the CS is an interval of time |
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Occasion setting states what about the context?
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- it becomes an overall predictor of the relationship between the CS and CR
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Occasion Setter
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- a contextual cue that predicts the occasions on which two events are related
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Occasion Setting
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- is a PROCEDURE in which a stimulus (occasion setter) signals that a CS is likely to be followed by the US with which it is associated
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An occasion setter can be associated with what 2 aspects of the US
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- the intensity of the US
- likelihood the US will follow the CS |
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what do external inhibition and disinhibition have in common?
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- the occurence of a novel stimulus
- in disinhibition the novel stimulus brings about the reoccurence of the CR following extinction - in external inhibition the novel stimulus distracts and weakens the CR |
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External Inhibition
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- the presentation of a novel stimulus at the same time as the conditioned stimulus produces a decrease in the strength of the conditioned response
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US revaluation
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- involves the post conditioned presentation of the US at a different level of intensity, thereby altering the strength of response of to the previously conditioned CS
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What is being changed in US revaluation?
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- value or magnitude of the US
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What is US inflation?
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- value of the US is increased
(a presentation of a large amount of food after conditioning trial with metronome will increase the CR) |
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US Deflation
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- value of US is decreased
(ex over indulgence in a particular food will lead to US deflation so any CS associated with it will in turn have a lower CR) |
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US revaluation VS satiation/deprivation
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- US revaluation involves altering a CR whereas S/D involves only a US and UR
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Pseudoconditioning
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- an elicited response that appears to a CR is actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning
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When is pseudoconditioning a potential problem?
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- whenever the US is some type of emotionally arousing stimulus
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How can you tell whether psudeoconditioing or conditioning has occurred?
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- employ a control condition in which the NS and US are presented separately
- experimental group is conditioned normally - the level of responding shown by the control group is presumed to reflect the amount of sensitization - if the experimental group is stronger than that shown by the control group, conditioning is assumed to have occurred, with the difference between the two groups indicating the strength of conditioning |
