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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the difference between Declarative and Procedural Knowledge?
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Declarative Knowledge: verbalizable knowledge
Procedural Knowledge: skilled behavior |
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What are the four forms of procedural knowledge?
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Spatial learning
motor-skill learning implicit learning expertise |
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What is the difference between route knowledge and a survey map (cognitive maps)
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Route knowledge is that of a series of routs in sequence (using episodic memory)
Survey map means to have an abstract image with routes in context like an aerial view (this employs semantic memory) |
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Describe the place vs. Response learning theories in rat spatial learning studies?
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Tolman described a place theory, there rats knew the "place" of a goal
Hull described a response theory where rats reacted to stimuli with responses leading to the goal. |
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What is anosmic?
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to be unable to smell
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One explanation for why rats are using extramaze cues in the radial maze
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When rotated the rat ends up making more mistakes
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What is the Morris water maze?
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where a platform is hidden inside a pool of cloudy water to which the subject must swim towards and sequentially remember in proceeding trials
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Which anatomical part of the brain is associated with spatial learning?
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the Hippocampus, namely on the right hemisphere
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Define a Landmark
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Elements of the environment that by virtue of distinctive features or meaning stand out
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Two effects that occur due to spatial schemas
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Distortion of recall
Facilitation organization |
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What is a common schematic organization we engage in when comparing a map to the environment?
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Assuming "forward" direction in the environment is the top side of the map
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Does organization occur in spatial learning?
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Yes, as proven by monkeys who organized a route by least distance traveled and priority of 18 pieces hidden
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Define Motor skills learning?
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acquisition of precisely adjusted movement where amount direction and duration of responding corresponds to variations in regulating the stimuli
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Three components of motor skills learning?
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cognition
motor skills perception |
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One real world application of mirror drawing?
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dentistry
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Two important controlling factors in motor skills learning?
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Practice
Feedback |
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What is the power law?
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Where each increment in proficiency is a logarithm of the number of times practices....
example: X+x^2+x^3= |
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What schedule of learning is most effective in motor skills learning?
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Spaced repetitions
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When learning multiple tasks, what schedule of learning is ideal?
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Spaced alternating schedule, where tasks are alternated within the day but sessions are spaced
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Explain practice dependent and independent learning
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Dependent: learning through practice
Independent: consolidation through sleep |
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In motor skills learning what type of reinforcement of KR (knowledge of results) is ideal?
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Quick, frequent, detailed feedback
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Why is it spaced KR resulted in better long term improvement?
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Self guidance theory: Massed and consistent feedback created a dependency on feedback from external sources
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Why is delayed KR better?
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Participants develop their own detection capabilities:
Due to short term memory of motor skills rehearsed to encode information |
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Implicit learning is defined as?
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Acquisition of complex environment independent of conscious awareness
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One form of everyday implicit learning?
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Grammar rules
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What is the serial reaction time procedure?
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Where a pattern of response type items are presented without telling the participant of a patter
Used to test implicit learning |
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Two ways unconscious awareness of learning is shown?
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Performance but without ability to articulate why
Developing a "liking" feeling |
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One difference between priming and skill learning (procedural learning)
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Priming: occurs after single presentation
Procedural: occurs after practice |
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Damage to what area of the brain causes deficiency in the motor components of learning?
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Basal ganglia
like those with Huntington's Parkinson"s disease |
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How long does it take to become an expert?
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10 years
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Explain Andersons adaptive control of thought theory? (ACT)
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1. Declarative Stage: practice of factual knowledge
2. Knowledge Compilation (Transition) pockets of information are consolidated into LTM 3. Procedural stage:Skill refinement: strengthening of procedures |
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What is the Vanishing instructions method?
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Where entire steps are presented, which as learning occurs are increasingly erased
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What is Errorless discrimination method?
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Where discrimination of response is always right at the start, as errored responses disrupt the process of recall later on
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Two ways to improve building design?
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placing map accurately in accordance of actual direction of environment
Color coding floors for distinction |
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What are the four guidelines of better LTM storage?
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Optimize conditions of training
Optimize learning strategy used Achieve automaticity Optimize retention conditions |
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Name three memory skills and use of?
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Skilled memory theory: efficiency in encoding through partitioning information
Good map learners: Partitioning Maps into Visuospatial imagery Acting: active experience where learning includes generating: meaning emotion and experiencing the information |