Learning And Memory 2

Front 1

complex behaviors involves learning set of rules. once learned the behaviour becomes automatic and transferred to the

Back 1

basal ganglia

Front 2

complex, automatic behaviors are___in nature ie we tend to make responsed that are ___

Back 2

instrumental, reinforcing

Front 3

_____plays role in reinforcement

Back 3

dopamine

Front 4

the 3 pathways that dopamine cells project via to areas in the brain

Back 4

-nigrostriatal: connect the substantia nigra with striatum
-mesocortical :connect the VTA to cortex
-mesolimbic: connect the VTA to nucleus accumbens (reward centre)

Front 5

nigrostriatal,mesocortical,mesolimbic involve in

Back 5

-movement
-cognition,motivation,emotion
-reward and desire

Front 6

medial forebrain bundle

Back 6

bundle of axons carrying info from VTA to nucleus accumbens

Front 7

if stimulate MFB or VTA or give cocaine/amphetamine or natural reinforcers like water/food=

Back 7

dopamine release in nucleus accumbens

Front 8

if show person money see ____ in nucleus accumbens activity because

Back 8

increase, n.a. involved in reinforcement

Front 9

dopamine neurons of VTA activated by what sort of stimuli

Back 9

ones involved in reward

Front 10

explain monkey +auditory stimulus+reward of juice experiment and what it means

Back 10

-juice is reinforcing stimulus
-during the training the monkey dopamine neurons in VTA fire lots when got juice
-eventually they start to expect or learn that juice comes after auditory stimulus
-then VTA neurons respond only when auditory stimulus presented not when reward delivered

Front 11

VTA neurons signal something that has to be learned. Therefore if reward outcome is expected then

Back 11

nothing to be learned

Front 12

explain prefrontal influence on vta

Back 12

prefrontal release glutamate cause VTA dopamine neurons to burst fire=increases amount of dopamine released in n.a.

Front 13

prefrontal involved in ____functions which are

Back 13

complex executive, goal directed

Front 14

when the animal behaviour is going toward a goal the prefrontal activate

Back 14

reinforcement mechanism

Front 15

prefrontal controls __neurons but is also targeted by these neurons

Back 15

dopamine

Front 16

anterograde amnesia

Back 16

after brain injury can't retain new info or learn new info , still have memories from before incident

Front 17

retrograde amnesia

Back 17

cant remember events before injury to brain

Front 18

priming=

Back 18

pre exposure to stimulus helps promote learning or memory

Front 19

patient HM had anterograde amnesia, but not impaired in all types of learning he could still learn via (4)

Back 19

priming, could be classically and instrumentally conditioned, trained in motor learning test, showed intact associative/motor learning

Front 20

declarative or explicit memory

Back 20

conscious, intentional recollection of previous experience and info like facts

Front 21

non declarative or implicit memory

Back 21

unconscious, unintentional use of previous experience to help preform behaviour like riding bike

Front 22

HM had problem with what type of memory

Back 22

declarative (involved in temporal lobe)

Front 23

in patient that anterograde amnesic if they learn fact they learn them through

Back 23

associative stimulus response learning not as declarative memory

Front 24

Damage to the hippocampal formation or
regions that supply its inputs and outputs
causes ______.

Back 24

anterograde amnesia

Front 25

The most important input to the hippocampal
formation is the _____ which in turn
receives direct input from (2), and indirect input from all the ____of the cortex

Back 25

entorhinal cortex,amygdala and the perirhinal cortex,association areas

Front 26

The perirhinal cortex receives information from
the _____ stream, and the parahippocampal
region receives information from the _____
stream.

Back 26

ventral,dorsal

Front 27

main outputs of the hippocampal
formation come from the ____and the
subiculum which are often relayed back to the
entorhinal cortex to the same regions that
provide input.

Back 27

CA1 field, entorhinal cortex

Front 28

anoxia (deprived of oxygen) damages____and causes

Back 28

CA1 field of hippo, anterograde amnesia

Front 29

CA1 is rich in ___receptors, metabolic disturbance causes

Back 29

nmda,glutamate high levels-->stimulate nmda --> excessive calcium enter cell-->destroys neurons

Front 30

nmda receptors in CA1 important also for

Back 30

LTP which important for memories this is why hippo important for memory function

Front 31

episodic memories

Back 31

personally experiance at time and place, relies on context

Front 32

semantic memories

Back 32

involve facts, independent of context in which learned

Front 33

both episodic and semantic are___memories

Back 33

declarative

Front 34

hippo damage early in life=___but they have intact____memory
what about in adult

Back 34

anterograde amnesia for episodic, semantic,impairment to both semantic and episodic

Front 35

to prevent consolidation of all type of declarative you need to destroy

Back 35

hippo,limbic of temporal lobe

Front 36

what is semantic dementia, what causes it, symptoms

Back 36

-neurodegenerative disorder/loss of semantic memory , degeneration of anterior temporal pole, word finding difficulty/ unable to understand functions of commonplace objects/visual agnosia

Front 37

true or false spatial memory affected by anterograde amnesia

Back 37

true

Front 38

korsakoff syndrome is____caused by___and what is something extra/different they have

Back 38

anterograde amnesia, severe alcoholism, they confabulate

Front 39

confabulate and neural basis

Back 39

-they describe fictitious events that they believe are genuinely true. Sometimes, the stories contain elements of true events and people will act on their false beliefs
-difficulty in suppressing irrelevant
memories of past events that are evoked by stimuli in the present.
-maybe prefrontal

Front 40

with spatial learning in animals, if in variable start position use____memory if in same start use____memory

Back 40

relational,stimulus-response

Front 41

relation memory can me impaired if lesion to

Back 41

hippo (doesnt affect stimulus response)

Front 42

place cells of hippo

Back 42

different neurons having different receptive fields, fie when rat in specific place

Front 43

shown in rat that hippo cells signal move left or right this tells us what about hippo signalling

Back 43

contextual info as well as location, hippo involve din decision making

Front 44

after learning memory task see ___in hippo which is correlates ___with performance

Back 44

increase activity, positively

Front 45

hippo need for what newly learned spatial info or info learned while ago

Back 45

newly

Front 46

after 30 days after learning

Back 46

cortex take on consolidatory role

Front 47

since memories in labile state (unstable) and so

Back 47

can be modified and reconsolidated