Learning And Behavior Exam 2

Front 1

*****Ivan Pavlov*****

Back 1

primary investigator of classical conditioning.

this was secondary to his original research on physiology and digestion.

Front 2

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Back 2

Stimulation that naturally (without prior learning) elicits (brings about) a response

Front 3

unconditioned response (UR)

Back 3

a natural response (without prior learning) to an unconditioned stimulus

Front 4

conditioned response (CR)

Back 4

response elicited (occurring from) the neutral stimulus (often similar to the unconditioned response)

Front 5

neutral stimulus (NS)

Back 5

stimulation that elicits no response naturally (without prior learning)

Front 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 6

stimulation that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with (paired with) an unconditioned stimulus

Front 7

conditioning trial

Back 7

the process, or trial, of pairing the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus

Front 8

test trial

Back 8

a trial in which the neutral stimulus is presented alone to see if it elicits a response (measures if learning/classical conditioning has caught on or not)

Front 9

appetitive stimulus

Back 9

an event or unconditioned stimulus that is pleasant and an organism will seek out

Front 10

aversive stimulus

Back 10

an event or unconditioned stimulus that is unpleasant and an organism will avoid

Front 11

conditioned suppression

Back 11

conditioning that measures a decrease in behavior to show and association has been made. Used to measure fear conditioning.

Front 12

excitatory conditioning

Back 12

conditioning in which the US is presented with the NS, an association is made, and the NS comes to elicit the response

Front 13

inhibitory conditioning

Back 13

conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US, and thus, the NS signals that the US will not occur

Front 14

delayed conditioning

Back 14

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and they occur simultaneously (this type works the best)

Front 15

trace conditioning

Back 15

conditioning procedure in which the onset and end of NS occur before the US is presented (animal must use memory to anticipate US... not as effective as DC).

Front 16

simultaneous conditioning

Back 16

conditioning procedure in which both the NS and the US are presented at same time (usually results in little or no conditioning)

Front 17

backward conditioning

Back 17

conditioning procedure in which the US is presented before the NS (usually results in no conditioning)

Front 18

disHABITUATION

Back 18

the reappearance of a habituated response following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus (NATURAL relationship)

Front 19

acquisition

Back 19

period of time during which a conditioned response is established; characterized by pairing the US with the NS (reaches asymptote)

Front 20

very intense US/NS equals

Back 20

stronger and more rapid conditioning

Front 21

*****extinction*****

Back 21

weakening or elimination of a conditioned stimulus that has been repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

achieved/tested by presenting the NS alone.

Front 22

*****spontaneous recovery*****

Back 22

reappearance of a conditioned response following a rest period after extinction

(results in less response and shorter duration over time)

Front 23

disINHIBITION

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the reappearance of an extinguished response as a result of a new stimulus that has been introduced (a new stimulus brings back an old pattern, ARTIFICIAL, learned)

Front 24

(stimulus) generalization

Back 24

a conditioned response to similar stimuli. Achieved through conditioning with only one conditioned stimulus, then presenting many different conditioned stimuli during test trials

Front 25

semantic generalization

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generalization to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning (Ex: Greenie sounds like Reedy)

Front 26

*****stimulus discrimination*****

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conditioned response to only one stimulus. achieved by presenting many different stimuli, only one of which is presented with the US (CS+) while all the others are presented alone (CS-),

(Ex: 800 Hz tone, stronger fear response to the 900 Hz tone than the 1000 Hz tone because 900 Hz is closer to 800 Hz).

Front 27

experimental neurosis

Back 27

experimentally produced disorder featuring neurosis-like symptoms as a result of unpredictable events (Ex: differentiating ovals and circles)

Front 28

*****higher order conditioning*****

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the process whereby a neutral stimulus that is associated with a CS is paired with an additional NS with the original CS, which then produces a new response.

the response to the CS2 is usually weaker than the response to the US and the CS1.

more likely to occur when the UR is aversive.

Front 29

first order conditioning

Back 29

pairing an NS with a US

Front 30

second order conditioing

Back 30

once an NS produces a response (becomes a CS), pairing an additional NS (#2) with original CS, which then also comes to produce a response

Front 31

third order conditioning

Back 31

lower response the farther you get away from the first stimulus

Front 32

sensory preconditioning

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twostages: (1) an association exists between two stimuli, A & B (2) anassociation later learned with A may then be a CS for B too, and vice versa. This is an example of latent learning.

Front 33

latent learning

Back 33

learning that occurs without reinforcement or evidence of learning and only becomes apparent at a later time

Front 34

compound stimulus

Back 34

two or more stimuli presented simultaneously

Front 35

overshadowing

Back 35

when presenting a compound stimulus, only the most salient will come to elicit a response as a CS

Front 36

overshadowing notation

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NS+US=UR

CS=CR

CS=CR

NS=no reaction

Front 37

blocking

Back 37

an established CS prevents another NS from being conditioned (usually happens with something good/appetitive)

Front 38

latent inhibition

Back 38

inhibition with no evidence it is happening. happens with familiarity. an unfamiliar NS is more readily conditioned than a familiar NS

Front 39

temporal conditioning

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(time) conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time

Front 40

occasion setting

Back 40

a procedure in which a stimulus signals that a CS will be paired with a US

Front 41

US reVALUation

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a post-conditioning presentation of a CS at a different level of intensity, which alters the strength of response to the original CS

OR a previous slight fear is increased through another unrelated response (Ex: getting hurt doesn't hurt as much as years of physical therapy)

Front 42

PSEUDOconditioning

Back 42

a response that appears (looks like) a CR, but it is actually just sensitization

Front 43

sensitization

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any change in environment could lead to a flexion response

Front 44

*****S-S model of conditioning*****

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the NS is associated with US and through an association elicits the same response as the UR, also, the CR should be a response that is identical to the UR

(Ex: no connection: bell= food, food= salivation)

Front 45

S-R model

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the NS becomes directly associated with UR and thus elicits the same response as the UR (Ex: all connected: bell=food, food= salivation, bell=salivation OR 2 different salivations: bell=food, bell= salivation, food= salivation)

Front 46

*****stimulus-substitution theory*****

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Pavolov, 1927: the CS acts as a substitute for the US (early S-S model) ...Hint: if asking about SS, see 2 S's in question itself usually

(Ex: the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome because the metronome acts as a substitute for the food)

sometimes, the CR and UR are QUITE DIFFERENT

Front 47

compensatory response model

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the compensatory after-reactions (opponent-process-theory) to a US may become to elicited by a CS. It is the exact opposite of the UR.

Front 48

Rescorla-Wagner Theory (1972)

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supposition that a given US can only support a limited amount of conditioning capacity, and this amount must be distinguishable among available CSs.

Front 49

associative value (in the R-W T)

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the amount of conditioning one CS may demonstrate. involves assigning numbers to each part of the experiment. Explains overshadowing and blocking.

Front 50

additive process (in the R-W T)

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the association values of stimuli that condition to a given response will sum to the total response to all the stimuli

Front 51

overexpectation

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a decrease in a given stimuli's associative value because of other stimuli presented

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phobias

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extreme, irrational fear response to a known stimulus

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phobia AS ASSOCIATION

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fear as a conditioned response (Ex: Little Albert)

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phobia AS OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Back 54

see and learn

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phobia based on TEMPERAMENT

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an organism is predisposed to the development of over-reactivity

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phobia AS EVOLUTIONARY PREPAREDNESS

Back 56

certain species are predisposed to fear certain stimuli (Ex: our ancestors that feared snakes lived longer)

Front 57

phobia AS AN ISSUE OF CONTROL

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loss of control in one's environment may drive phobias

Front 58

incubation

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strength of a fear response by slight, brief exposure to the stimulus. developed over time.

Front 59

selective sensitization

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development of a phobia follows exposure to an unrelated stressful event (Ex: stressed= really upset by roommate crap= EXPLOSION)

Front 60

systematic desensitization

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a behavioral treatment for phobias that involves pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear

Front 61

counter-conditioning

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one response is associated with an event that leads to an incompatible response (Ex: fear and relaxation= incompatible, so pair it to calm down)

an underlying process here is reciprocal inhibition

Front 62

reciprocal inhibition

Back 62

certain responses are incompatible with one another, one necessarily excludes the exhibition of another

Front 63

steps to systematic desensititization

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identify fear, take baby steps with exposure to fear and do calming techniques during the exposure... multiple tries with gradual increases should lead to success

Front 64

flooding

Back 64

an extreme exposure to a fear-causing event

Front 65

imaginal flooding

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person is asked to imagine the fear-causing stimulus and calm down

Front 66

in vivo flooding

Back 66

person is exposed to the fear-causing stimulus. (Can backfire, so risky.)

Front 67

immunosuppressants

Back 67

can be conditioned as exhibited by cancer patients, can also be stregnthened through classical conditioning

Front 68

chemotherapy

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many patients suffer from aversion to foods eaten right before treatment due to nausea (avoided by weird sucker)

Front 69

*****given that each drink contains the same amount of alcohol and that you drink each drink at the same rate, you will likely be more drunk if you are drinking something*****

Back 69

unfamiliar

Front 70

*****aversion therapy for alcoholism often involves pairing*****

Back 70

alcohol ingestion with nausea

Front 71

*****preparatory-response theory of conditioning*****

Back 71

the CR is actually simply preparing the organism for the presentation of the US.

(Ex: tone= salivate because food is about to come)