Learning

Front 1

Classical Conditioning

Back 1

Subject learns to give a response it already knows to a new stimulus

Front 2

Stimulus

Back 2

A change in the environment that elicits a response

Front 3

Unconditional Stimulus (USC/US)

Back 3

Automatically brings unconditional response; (UCR/UR)

Front 4

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 4

Is a neutral stimulus, but when paired with UCs, it elicits a conditional response; CS and NS

Front 5

Delayed conditioning

Back 5

Occurs when the NS is presented just before the UCS with a brief overlap between the two

Front 6

Trace Conditioning

Back 6

Occurs when the NS is presented and then disappears before the UCS appears

Front 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Back 7

Does not elicit a response

Front 8

Simultaneous Conditioning

Back 8

Occurs when the UCS and NS are paired together at the same time

Front 9

Backward Conditioning

Back 9

USC comes before the NS

Front 10

Aversive Conditioning

Back 10

Involving an unpleasant or harmful unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer

Front 11

Extinction

Back 11

Weakening of the conditional association

Front 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 12

Behavior will appear later without re-pairing of the UCS and CS

Front 13

Generalization

Back 13

When stimuli similar to the CS also elicits the CR without any training

Front 14

Discrimination

Back 14

Occurs when only the CS produces the CR

Front 15

Higher-order conditioning

Back 15

Occurs when well learned CS is paired with an Ns to produce a CR to the NS

Front 16

Operant Conditioning

Back 16

Active subject voluntarily emits behaviors and can learn new ones

Front 17

Instrumental Learning

Back 17

A form of associative learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences

Front 18

Law of Effect

Back 18

States that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened.

Front 19

Positive Reinforcement

Back 19

Reward training

Front 20

Premack Principle

Back 20

A more probable behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a less probable one

Front 21

Negative Reinforcement

Back 21

Taking away unpleasant consequence after behavior is done

Front 22

Punishment Training

Back 22

Learner’s response is followed by an aversive consequence

Front 23

Omission Training

Back 23

A response by the learner is followed by taking away something of value from the learner

Front 24

Aversive Conditioning

Back 24

Use of negative reinforcement and punishment

Front 25

Avoidance

Back 25

Taking away the aversive stimulus before it begins

Front 26

Escape

Back 26

Taking away the aversive stimulus after it has started

Front 27

Learned Helplessness

Back 27

Feeling of futility and passive resignation that results from the inability to avoid repeated aversive events

Front 28

Primary Reinforcer

Back 28

Biologically important and rewarding

Front 29

Secondary Reinforcer

Back 29

Something neutral that when associated with a primary reinforcer becomes rewarding

Front 30

Generalized reinforcer

Back 30

A secondary reinforcer that can be associated wit a number of different primary reinforcers

Front 31

Token Economy

Back 31

Operant training system

Front 32

Shaping

Back 32

Positivly reinforcing closer and closer the approximation of the desired behavior

Front 33

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 33

Schedule that provides reinforcement every time the behavior is emitted by the organism

Front 34

Partial Reinforcement

Back 34

AKA intermittent schedule; maintains behavior better than continuous reinforcement

Front 35

Fixed Ratio

Back 35

Know how much behavior for reinforcement

Front 36

Fixed interval

Back 36

Know when behavior is reinforced

Front 37

Variable Ratio

Back 37

How much behavior for reinforcement changes

Front 38

Variable Interval

Back 38

When behavior is reinforced to change

Front 39

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Back 39

Intense dislike/avoidance of a food because of its association with an unpleasant stimulus

Front 40

Preparedness

Back 40

By evolution, Animals are biologically predisposed to easily learn behaviors related to their survival

Front 41

Instinctive Drift

Back 41

Conditioned response that drifts back toward the natural behavior of the organism

Front 42

Contiguity Model

Back 42

Believed that the close time was important for making connection

Front 43

Contingency Model

Back 43

CS tells the organism that the US will follow

Front 44

Blocking Effect

Back 44

Cannot produce Cr with only 1 of 2 NS/CS

Front 45

Latent Learning

Back 45

Learning in absence of rewards

Front 46

Insight

Back 46

Sudden appearance of an answer/solution

Front 47

Observational Learning

Back 47

Learning occurs by watching the behavior