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258 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where do new leaves develop from?
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the surface of the apical meristem
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What is the name for a new leaf?
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leaf primordium
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What is the difference between dicot and monocot leaf primordia?
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Dicot leaf primordia are peg-like structures. Monocot leaf primordia are collar-like structures.
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What is leaf growth the result of?
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An increase in cell number followed by cell enlargement.
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What causes leaves to be a particular shape?
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the differential activity of meristematic regions and sometimes cell death
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What are the upper and lower leaf zones?
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the distal and proximal ends of a leaf primordium that give rise to specific parts of the mature leaf
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What do the upper and lower leaf zones become in dicots?
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The lower leaf zone develops into the leaf base, and the upper leaf zone develops into the leaf blade.
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What do the upper and lower leaf zones become in monocots?
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The whole leaf is derived from the lower leaf zone. The upper leaf zone may contribute to a precursor tip, if present.
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What is heteroblasty?
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general shape change along a shoot
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Heteroblasty occurs along the ________ or _______ of a plant.
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Heteroblasty occurs along the seedling axis or any lateral shoot of a plant.
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What is heterophylly?
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variability of leaf size and shape
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What are two types of heterophylly?
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dimorphism and anisphylly
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What is leaf dimorphism?
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two distinct shapes occuring during the life of the same plant
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What is anisophylly?
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different sized/shaped leaves occuring at the same node with opposite phyllotaxy or along a shoot with alternate phyllotaxy
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What is leaf venation?
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the pattern of veins (vascular bundles) on a leaf
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What is the typical difference between monocot and dicot leaf venation?
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Monocots usually have parallel venation, while dicots usually have reticulate venation.
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What is ptyxis?
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folding of individual leaves due to confinement of the lamina during growth
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What is vernation?
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folding of leaves together in a bud
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What is a petiole?
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the stalk that separates the leaf from its point of attachment to the stem
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What is a sessile leaf?
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a leaf lacking a petiole
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What is a pulvinus?
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a localized swelling of a petiole or petiolule
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A pulvinus acts as a ______.
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hinge
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Name a species that exhibits a pulvinus.
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Mimosa pudica
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An abscission joint is a ______ with an associated ______.
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An abscission joint is a swelling like a pulvinus with an associated annular groove.
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What is indicated by an abscission joint?
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the point of weakness where a leaf or leaflet will eventually break off
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What is a leaf sheath?
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the portion of the leaf at or near the point of insertion on the leaf axis
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A leaf sheath sometimes bears _______.
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stipules
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The leaf sheath varies from ______ to ______.
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The leaf sheath varies from barely noticeable enlargements at the base of the petiole to prominent elaborations clasping the stem.
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The leaf sheath may lend protection to _______.
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the axillary bud
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What is a stipule?
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an outgrowth at the base of the leaf stalk that may resemble a leaf.
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How do stipules appear in dicots?
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paired on either side of node
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In the genus _______, stipules are modified into tendrils.
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Smilax
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In the genus Smilax, stipules are modified into _______.
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tendrils
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In the genus _______, stipules are modified into hollow spines that are inhabited by ants.
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Acacia
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In the genus Acacia, stipules are modified into _______.
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hollow spines that are inhabited by ants.
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In the species _______, stipules are modified into a pair of spines, one straight (for bud defense), the other reflexed (for scrambling).
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Paliurus spina-christi
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In the species Paliurus spina-christi, stipules are modified into ______.
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a pair of spines
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In the species Paliurus spina-christi, stipules are modified into a pair of spines, one _____ (for _______), the other _______ (for _______).
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In the species Paliurus spina-christi, stipules are modified into a pair of spines, one straight (for bud defense), the other reflexed (for scrambling).
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Stipules can also be modified into _____ or ______.
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extrafloral nectaries or hairs
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What are stipels?
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small outgrowths at the bases of individual leaflets in a compound leaf that resemble stipules.
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A _______ is the proximal pair of leaflets in compound leaves of some dicots positioned very close to the point of insertion of the leaf at the node.
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pseudostipule
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What is a bract?
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a leaf that subtends a flower
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What is a bracteole?
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a leaf borne on the stalk of an individual flower
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A ______ is a scale leaf that sometimes lacks chlorophyll and performs a protective role surrounding vegetative or floral meristems.
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cataphyll
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What is the function of a tendril?
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to prevent the shoot system from falling
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What are the four ways a tendril can occur?
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- as a modified stipule
- as a modified leaf (entire) - the distal portion of a leaf - as a modified leaflet |
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What is nutation?
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movement of a tendril that is not a response to environmental stimuli
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What is circumnutation?
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movement of a tendril that appears circular or elliptical in top view
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Tendrils twine around a support (before/after) contact.
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after
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Tendrils exhibit a faster growth rate on the side (closer to/away from) the support.
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away from
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What are the four types of tendrils?
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- tendrillar petioles
- watch spring filamentous tendrils - filamentous tendrils - tendril systems |
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Leaves with tendrillar petioles are limited to (monocots/dicots).
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dicots
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Name two geni that exhibit tendrillar petioles.
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Clematis and Tropaeolum
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Watch spring filamentous tendrils exhibit ______ coiling.
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spontaneous
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Watch spring filamentous tendrils are different from other types of tendrils because ______.
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the support catches the tendril
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All __________ (type of tendril) are apical portions of foliage leaves.
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watch spring filamentous tendrils
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Name two genus examples of watch spring filamentous tendrils.
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Glorioisa and Flagellaria
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Filamentous tendrils become coiled (before/after) contacting support.
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after.
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In dicots, filamentous tendrils represent ________.
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pinnae of compound leaves (tendrillar petiolules)
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In monocots, filamentous tendrils represent ______.
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modified stipules
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Name a genus example of filamentous tendrils.
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Smilax
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A tendril system is a(n) ________ bearing _________.
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A tendril system is an unbranched stem bearing simple filamentous leaf tendrils.
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Name two examples of tendril systems.
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Combretaceae and Cucurbitaceae
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A spine is a(n) _______ that _______.
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A spine is a modified leaf or part thereof that subtends a bud or a shoot.
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A thorn is a(n) _______ that _______.
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A thorn is a modified stem that is present in the axil of a leaf or leaf scar.
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A prickle is a(n) ______.
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epidermal outgrowth
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In a variation of a spine, the ______ may be wholly or partly woody.
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petiole
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In a variation of a _______, the petiole may be wholly or partly woody.
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spine
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In the species Robinia pseudo-acacia, the ____ may bear _____.
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leaves; stipular spines
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In the species ________, the leaves may bear stipular spines.
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Robinia pseudo-acacia
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In the genus Berberis, the _____ represent _______, and these plants often exhibit ______.
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spines; whole leaves; leaf dimorphism
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In the genus _______, spines represent whole leaves, and these plants often exhibit leaf dimorphism.
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Berberis
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In the genus Desmoncus, ______ represent ________.
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spines; the distal leaflets of compound leaves
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In the genus ______, spines represent the distal leaflets of compound leaves.
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Desmoncus
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In the genus ______ with common name _____, the leaf sheath is persistent. The petiole and lamina fall off the sheath, and the veins form a fan of spines.
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Zombia; palm
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In the genus Zombia, or palm, the _____ is persistent. The _____ and ______ fall off, and the ______ form a _______.
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In the genus Zombia, or palm, the leaf sheath is persistent. The petiole and lamina fall off the sheath, and the veins form a fan of spines.
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Name three types of insectivorous plants.
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pitfall traps, flypaper traps, sticky leaves
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Bromeliaceae, Nepenthaceae, and Sarraceniaceae are all examples of ______.
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pitfall traps
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Name three family examples of pitfall traps.
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Bromeliaceae, Nepenthaceae, and Sarraceniaceae
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Droseraceae and Lentibulariaceae are both examples of _______.
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flypaper traps
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Name two examples of flypaper traps.
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Droseraceae and Lentibulariaceae.
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Geranium viscosissimum is an example of ______.
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sticky leaves
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Name a species example of sticky leaves.
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Geranium viscosissimum
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How do sticky leaves trap insects?
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Sticky leaves curl up and trap insects.
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Which genus has glandular tentacles?
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Drosera
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Drosera is a type of _______ with ______.
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flypaper trap; glandular tentacles
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In pitcher traps, ______ leaves form a container.
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epiascidiate
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What hastens the falling of an insect into a pitcher trap?
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wax that is formed around the rim of the pitcher
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In what genus of pitcher plant does the rim have an inward opening lid with hairs and bladder-like leaves?
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Utricularia
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In the pitcher plant Utricularia, what causes the insect to enter the plant?
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The insect is sucked in due to greater water pressure outside the trap.
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What causes a Venus Fly Trap to snap shut?
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repeated pressure of hairs on the adaxial surface of the leaf
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What is the genus name for Venus Fly Trap?
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Dionaea
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What is epiphylly?
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growth on a leaf
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Is epiphylly uncommon?
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No.
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What are two types of epiphyllous structures?
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inflorescences and vegetative buds
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Spathicarpa is an example of ______ in which _______.
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epiphylly; the leaves bear inflorescences.
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______ is an example of epiphylly in which the leaves bear inflorescences.
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Spathicarpa
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Kalachoe is an example of _______ in which _______.
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epiphylly; the leaves bear vegetative buds
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_______ is an example of epiphylly in which the leaves bear vegetative buds.
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Kalanchoe
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In Kalanchoe, the vegetative buds form _______.
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plantlets
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In Kalanchoe, the _______ form plantlets.
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vegetative buds
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In the genus ________, common name ______, the juvenile leaves bear vegetative shoots and the adult leaves bear flowers.
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Nicotiana; transgenic tobacco
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Why would Darwin stare at plants for hours?
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to observe tendrils exhibiting circumnutation
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Who categorized tendrils into the four main types?
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Wilhelm Troll
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Give a genus example of a thorn.
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Crataegus (Hawthorn)
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What are commonly called thorns on roses are actually ______.
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prickles
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What is an emergence, or prickle?
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a sharp, woody structure developing from the epidermis and subepidermal tissue of an organ
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What genus exhibits prickles on the leaf margin?
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Ilex (American Holly)
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What genus exhibits prickles on the leaf surface?
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Solanum
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What genus exhibits prickles on the rachis in a compound leaf?
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Aralia
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What genus exhibits prickles on an inflorescence?
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Centaurea
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What genus exhibits prickles on a fruit?
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Aesculus
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Anatomically, food bodies are ______ or _______ secreting _________ that are ________.
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emergences; trichomes; edible proteinaceous substances; attractive to insects
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Where are Beltian bodies located?
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at the ends of leaves
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Name a genus that exhibits Beltian bodies.
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Acacia
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Plants of genus Acacia have ________ bodies.
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Beltian
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Where are Müllerian bodies located?
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on swellings at the base of petioles
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Name a genus that exhibits Müllerian bodies.
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Cecropia
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Where are Beccarian bodies located?.
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in various locations of the leaves and stipules of the genus Macaranga.
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Name the genus that exhibits Beccarian bodies.
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Macaranga.
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Plants of genus Cecropia have _________ bodies.
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Müllerian
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Plants of genus Macaranga have ________ bodies.
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Beccarian
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Where are Pearl bodies located?
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on the leaves and stem of Ochroma
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Name the genus that exhibits Pearl bodies.
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Ochroma
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Plants of genus Ochroma exhibit _____ bodies.
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Pearl
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Where are food cells located?
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in domatia in the petiole of Piper
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What are domatia?
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cavities inhabited by animals and bacteria
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Name the genus that exhibits food cells.
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Piper
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What are trichomes?
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hairs borne by many plant parts
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Trichomes are collectively called ______.
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indumentum
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Trichomes can be _____ or _____.
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unicellular; multicellular
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Name four types of glands.
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- salt glands
- hydathodes - extrafloral nectaries - squamules |
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_____ (type of gland) secrete salt.
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Salt glands
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______ (type of gland) secrete water.
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Hydathodes
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______ (type of gland) secrete sugar.
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Extrafloral nectarines
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What are squamules?
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glandular trichomes
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______ are glandular trichomes.
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Squamules
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What are the functions of succulents?
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to store water and to reduce the evaporating surface
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Besides being succulent, what features of succulent plants aid their survival in xeromorphic environments?
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shallow root systems that absorb water quickly from infrequent rains
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Anatomically, where is water stored in succulents?
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in large vacuoles of parenchyma cells
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Where do stem succulents typically store their water?
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water storing parenchyma in the primary ground tissue of the enlarged stem cortex
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Name three examples of stem succulents.
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Cactaceae, Euphorbia, and Stapelia (milkweed)
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What is the common name for Euphorbia?
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tree euphorbs
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Where in the world is milkweed found?
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Africa
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What are some defining morphological features of stem succulents?
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enlarged stems, tiny leaves that abscise shortly after they are produced
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What is the ecological importance of succulents in dry conditions?
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Succulents are one of the few water sources for animals in arid environments.
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What about succulents helps reduce the evaporation rate?
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The reduced surface-to-volume ratio, thick cuticle, few stomata
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What are the protective features of stem succulents?
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Cacti and euphorbs have spines. Milkweed has noxious latex.
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Morphologically, what are euphorbs’ spines like?
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Euphorb spines are homologous to stipules: they are paired on either side of the leaf scar and they subtend branch buds.
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Morphologically, what are cacti’s spines like?
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Cactus spines occur in clusters called aereoles.
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Aereoles are ________ that are in the same position as _______. They develop from _______.
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clusters of cactus spines; lateral buds; primordial produced on the flanks of an apical meristem
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Cactus spines are homologous to _______ borne on ______ that _____.
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entire leaves; lateral branches; do not elongate
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What is the function of spines in cacti and euphorbs?
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to deter predators
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Succulents provide an excellent example of ______.
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parallel evolution
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Where do leaf succulents store their water?
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in mesophyll cells of their leaves
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Century plant (Agave) and Aloe are ______ that exhibit_____.
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Leaf succulents; rosette of spine-tipped leaves
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_______ and _______ are leaf succulents that exhibit a rosette of spine-tipped leaves.
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Century plant (Agave); Aloe
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Name three leaf succulents that grow on dark cliffs and have fleshy, balloon-like water-storing leaves.
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composites (members of the sunflower family), ice plants (Mesenbryanthemum), and stonecrops (Sedum)
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Many composites (members of the sunflower family), ice plants (Mesenbryanthemum), and stonecrops (Sedum) grow on _____ and have ____.
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dark cliffs; fleshy balloon-like water-storing leaves
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Stone plants (Lithops) grow in ______ among _____. They are an example of ______.
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Southern Africa; stones and gravel; leaf succulents
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______ grow in stones and gravel; the flat surfaces of the leaves which extend from a subterranean shoot system are indistinguishable from the surrounding rocks.
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Stone plants (Lithops)
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______ and ______ are examples of genera with window leaves.
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Lithops; Haworthia
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A window leaf is a ________ with light coming through the ______ to illuminate the ______.
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Subterranean greenhouse; apical, surface “window”; green tissue at the periphery of the water-storing mesophyll
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A _______ is a dorsiventrally flattened leaf that has an adaxial and abaxial surface.
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bifacial leaf
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Bifacial leaves often exhibit ______ symmetry.
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bilateral
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What is a bifacial leaf?
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a dorsiventrally flattened leaf that has an adaxial and abaxial surface
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What is a unifacial leaf?
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a leaf in which lateral growth has been suppressed, resulting in a more or less cylindrical leaf
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A _______ is a leaf in which lateral growth has been suppressed, resulting in a more or less cylindrical leaf.
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unifacial leaf
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A ______ is a unifacial leaf that remains centric or cylindrical.
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terete leaf
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A ____ or _____ leaf is a unifacial leaf that undergoes subsequent bilateral flattening.
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ensiform; isobilateral
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A ______ leaf has a circular lamina, and the petiole is attached near the center.
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peltate
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What is a peltate leaf?
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a leaf with a circular lamina whose petiole is attached near the center
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Give an example of a species with peltate leaves.
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Podophyllum peltatum
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What is an ascidiate leaf?
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a leaf that is funnel shaped, forming a container
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A(n) ______ leaf is funnel-shaped, forming a container.
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Ascidiate
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What is phyllotaxy?
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the arrangement of leaves on a stem
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_____ is the arrangement of leaves on a stem.
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Phyllotaxy
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What is the genetic spiral?
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the spiral that follows leaves in the order of formation
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______ is the spiral that follows leaves in the order of formation
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Genetic spiral
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What is the angle of divergence?
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The angle between any two successively formed leaves on a stem.
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The ________ is the angle between any two successively formed leaves on a stem.
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angle of divergence
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How is the angle of divergence expressed?
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as a fraction
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What type of phyllotaxy exhibits one leaf per node?
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alternate phyllotaxy
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What is the name of the type of phyllotaxy in which the leaves are arranged in two straight rows, usually with 180⁰ between the rows?
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distichous / orthodistichous
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What are the names of “rows” seen in different phyllotactic arrangements?
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ranks or orthostiches
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What is distichous or orthodistichous phyllotaxy?
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a type of phyllotaxy in which the leaves are arranged in two straight rows, usually with 180⁰ between the rows
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Name a genus that exhibits distichous phyllotaxy.
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Ulmus
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The genus Ulmus exhibits _____ phyllotaxy.
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Distichous
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What is the name of the type of phyllotaxy in which the divergence angle is anywhere between 137.5⁰ and 180⁰?
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spirodistichous
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What is spirodistichous phyllotaxy?
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A type of phyllotaxy in which the divergence angle is anywhere between 137.5⁰ and 180⁰
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How many ranks are present in spirodistichous phyllotaxy?
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Two
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What general shape does spirodistichous phyllotaxy resemble?
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Helix
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What is the “golden angle”?
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137.5⁰
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Name a genus that exhibits spirodistichous phyllotaxy.
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Cyclanthus
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The genus Cyclanthus exhibits ______ phyllotaxy.
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Spirodistichous
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What is the name of the type of phyllotaxy in which the divergence angle between successive leaves is very low?
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spiromonostichous or costoid
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What is costoid phyllotaxy?
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Also known as spiromonostichous, it is a type of phyllotaxy in which the divergence angle between successive leaves is very low
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Name a family in which one would find spiromonostichous phyllotaxy.
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Costaceae
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Some genera of the family Costaceae exhibit _____ phyllotaxy
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spiromonostichous or costoid
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What is the name of the type of phyllotaxy in which there are more than two vertical ranks that are apparent?
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polystichous or helical
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What is helical phyllotaxy?
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Also known as polystichous, it is a type of phyllotaxy in which there are more than two vertical ranks that are apparent
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What does the denominator represent in the fraction that expresses the genetic spiral?
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the number of orthostiches and the number of leaves you would pass if you went around the stem once
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What is the name of the type of phyllotaxy in which there are three spirals of leaves rather than three obvious orthostiches?
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spirotristichous
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What is spirotristichous phyllotaxy?
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the type of phyllotaxy in which there are three spirals of leaves rather than three obvious orthostiches
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Name a genus that exhibits spirotristichous phyllotaxy.
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Pandanus
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The genus Pandanus exhibits _____ phyllotaxy.
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Spirotristichous
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What is the type of phyllotaxy in which there are two leaves at each node 180⁰ apart?
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Opposite
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What is opposite phyllotaxy?
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the type of phyllotaxy in which there are two leaves at each node 180⁰ apart
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How many orthostiches are observed in opposite phyllotaxy?
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two
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What is the type of phyllotaxy in which two successive pairs of leaves are perpendicular to one another?
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decussate
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Name a genus that exhibits decussate phyllotaxy.
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Coleus
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The genus Coleus exhibits ____ phyllotaxy.
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decussate
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What is decussate phyllotaxy?
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the type of phyllotaxy in which two successive pairs of leaves are perpendicular to one another
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What is the type of phyllotaxy in which each leaf is separated from the next pair by an angle of about 68.75⁰?
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bijugate
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What is bijugate phyllotaxy?
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the type of phyllotaxy in which each leaf is separated from the next pair by an angle of about 68.75⁰
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Name a genus that exhibits bijugate phyllotaxy.
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Eucalyptus
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The juvenile leaves of the genus Eucalyptus exhibits ____ phyllotaxy.
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bijugate
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What is the type of phyllotaxy in which there are three or more leaves at a node?
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whorled
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What is whorled phyllotaxy?
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the type of phyllotaxy in which there are three or more leaves at a node
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Name a genus that exhibits whorled phyllotaxy.
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Nerium
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The genus Nerium exhibits _____ phyllotaxy.
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whorled
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What is the name of the type of phyllotaxy in which the leaves in one whorl are slightly off from the leaves of the next whorl?
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multijugate
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What is multijugate phyllotaxy?
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the type of phyllotaxy in which the leaves in one whorl are slightly off from the leaves of the next whorl
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What is a contact parastichy?
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a spiral that is obvious to the eye
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A _______ is a spiral that is obvious to the eye.
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contact parastichy
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What is a contact parastichy pair?
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Two families winding in opposite directions
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How is a parastichy pair represented?
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(m,n) where m is the number of families running in one direction and n is the number of families running in the opposite direction
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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ciliate
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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crenate
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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crenulate
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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dentate
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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entire
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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incised
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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lobed
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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palmately lobed
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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pinnately lobed
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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pinnatisect
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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serrate
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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serrulate
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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sinuate
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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spinose
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What type of leaf margin is this?
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undulate
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What shape of leaf is this?
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peltate
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What shape of leaf is this?
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ensiform
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What type of compound leaf is this?
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bipinnate
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What type of compound leaf is this?
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imperipinnate
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What type of compound leaf is this?
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palmate
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What type of compound leaf is this?
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paripinnate
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What type of compound leaf is this?
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trifoliolate
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What type of compound leaf is this?
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unifoliolate
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What type of leaf attachment is this?
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amplexicaul
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What type of leaf attachment is this?
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decurrent
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What type of leaf attachment is this?
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ligulate
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What type of leaf attachment is this?
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perfoliate
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What type of leaf attachment is this?
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petiolate
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What type of leaf attachment is this?
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sessile
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What type of leaf attachment is this?
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sheathing
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What type of leaf attachment is this?
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stipulate
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