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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How long ago was the first colonization of America by people in Asia?
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40,000 years ago.
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What was one revolutionary result of the development of agriculture?
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the feasibility of the division of labor.
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What was a serious weakness of slash and burn farming?
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It soon exhausted the soil.
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How long lasted the classic period in ancient America?
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From 1 AD to 1,000 AD.
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The post classic period inancient America was characterized by...
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the rise of genuin cities.
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The Olmec civilization was characterized by...
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the carving of stone sculpture that featured colossal heads.
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What factor greatly aided Aztec imperial expansion?
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The geographical advantages of the Valley of Mexico for defense and offense.
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Which was the dominant mexoamercian state in the classic period?
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Teotihuacan.
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Which was the main integrating force in Aztec Society?
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The priesthood.
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The mayan agricultural system was based on what?
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A mix of Slash and burn farming and more intensive agricultural methods.
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Our knowledge of Mayan history has been enhanced by the discovery that...
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Many of the sculpture gliffs record important events in the life of Mayan rulers.
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The Central Andean area in inca times was characterized by...
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A rich variety of environments making possible extensive food production.
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What was the Mochica culture of classic peru noted by?
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A red and black pottery characterized by realistic modeling.
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Who was the emperor credited with many reforms and innovations in the Inca state?
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Pachacuti Inca.
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What was the name of the record keeping device possessed by the Incas?
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Quipu.
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The Inca state may be best described as...
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A class structure state in which commoners were explited by the ruler's nobility.
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What was one of the serious weakness of the Inca empire?
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A cronic discontent and revolts on the part of conquered peoples.
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Who were the Ayllu?
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A kinship group, the members of which married whith in the groups.
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Where was social stratification most developed?
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The State
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Economic life in aztec Mexico rested ona base of..
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Intensive and extensive agriculture.
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The Triple Alliance was an agreement to share the spoils of conquest among-----This facilitated aztec domination of mesoamerica
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the Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, and Tlacopan.
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In the classic mesoamerican world networks of commercial trade linked the great cities of:
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Montealban, Teotihuacan,and Tical
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a mojor muslim contribution to spain's economic life was
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the introduction of new crops and irrigation.
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In its first phase the reconquest had the dominant character of the struggle of
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christian nobles to regain their lost lands and its serfs.
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A turning in the reconquest was
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the christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa.
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A major economic result of the reconquest was
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the supremacy of sheep racing over agriculture en Castile.
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The Mesta was
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the powerful guild of sheep racers.
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One method used by Queen Isabella to curve the power of the aristocracy was
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appointment of officials from the lower nobility and the middle class.
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In 1492 the Cathlic soverigns ordered the expulsion of
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all conversos and jews.
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In her work of refoming the chuch
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Isabella hada vauvavle ally in a faction of the regular clergy called observants.
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Fueros were
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chracters of liberties granted to towns granted by the kings
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spain's military supremacy in 16th century Europe was
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based on the new style spanish Army created by Gonzalo de Cordoba
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Hermandades were
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military asociations created by castilian towns to defend their municipal authority.
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Conversos were
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Jews who converted to christianity to avoid persecution
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A major of Prince Henry the navigator's african project was
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to find the sources of Muslim gold.
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A conflict between columbus and the oppontnets of "His Enterprise of the Indies" arouse from the opponent's claime that
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the size of the ocean between Europe and aSia was greated than Columbus believed
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Magellan's voyage of 1519 to 1522 resulted in
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the spanish acquisition of the Philipines
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The discoveror of the pacific was
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Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
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Befor Cortes marched into tenochtitlan
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he had to defeat the Tlaxcalans
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The last Aztec ruler was
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cuahtehmoc
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Pedro de Alvarado provoked an Aztec uprising by
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ordering a massacre of leading aztec chef and warriors
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A factor that aided the spansih conquest of Mexico was
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Moctezuma's belief that cortes was the returing god Questsalquatl
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Theprincipal base of explorations leading to the conquest of Peru was
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the town of Panamon.
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Atahualpa made a serious errorby
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understimating the offensive capacity of the small Spanish force
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The last Inca of the royal line was
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Tupac Amaru
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The struggle btwn the Almagros and the Pizarros involved
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a dispute over Cuzco
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The principal source of royal revenue from the indies was
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mining.
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The major colonial mining center vefore 1700 was
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potosi
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Teh term asiento was
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a contract btwn the corn and a forign company that permited the sale fo black slaves in the spansih colonies.
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A ajor cause of the encomienda's decline was
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the catastrophic decline of the Indian population.
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Labor for the obrajes was
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often obtained by ensnaring Indians through an offer of liquor or money.
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Beginning in the reign of Phillip II the sale of colonial offices by the crown became
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the standard practie.
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Phillip II favored the secular over the regular clergy b/c
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he disliked the independence of spirit shown by the regulars regarding mattirs like the Indian policy.
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The wealthiest religious order in the spanish colonies was
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the society of Jesus or Jesuits
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The great majority of cases tried by the colonial inquisition had to do with
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offenses against morality
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The ditin\guising feature of the colonial aristocracy was
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wealth.
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The law of the indies assigned mestizos of legitimate birth
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equal status with whites.
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Crown policy toward inidnas favored
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thier systematic segregation from the white community
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The patronato real refferst to
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royal control over ecclecialtical affairs in Spain and the colonies.
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The treaty of utrach
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gave menorca and Gibraltar to Britain.
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The Bourbon reform reached its climate under
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Charles III
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One reason for the failure of the Bourbon reforms to achieve their goals wa
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opposion of conservatives to a much needed land reform
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Colonial manufacturing in the late 18th century
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suffered a decline from foreign goods
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The intendant system was introduced in the late 18th century to
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increase royal revenues from the colonies
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In the second half of the 8th century
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an anti-creole reaction reduced creole representation in high official posts
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The greatest poet of colonial Spanish America was
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Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
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The clergy who made the most skillful effort to reconcile church dogma and enlightment ideas were
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the Jesuits
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The creole effort to establish the spiritual primacy of the colonies over spain was
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reflected in cults shuch as the Virgin of Guadalue
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Indian strategies for resisting Spanish oppression included
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The active use of Spanish legal codes for puposes of defense and offense.
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a distincive feature of the comunero revolt and program was its effortto
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form a common front of almost all colonial groups against Spanish authorities.
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Some spanish writers attributed alleged creole indolence and incapacity to the nobxious effects of
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the american climate and soil.
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The success of a slave revolt in Haiti
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damped interst in independence among elites
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One imp;ortant consquence of spain's alliance with napoleon against England was
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Spain's openning of spanish-american parts ot trade with neutral nations.
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The Venezuelan constitution of 1811
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abolished indian tribute.
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a distinctive feature of Bolivar's military leadership was
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his advancement of soldiers for merit without regard to social background or color
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The liberation of new granada was achievd by
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the dicisive Patriot Victory at Boyaca.
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What distinguished the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico from other Latin american revolutions was
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the large scale participation of the Indian and mixed blood worker (proletariat)
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Iturbide's program for Mexican Independence proposed
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the civil equality of creoles and Peninsulares
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The Latin American wars of Independence
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left existing economic and social structures basically intact.
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The colonial elite that emerged from the wars of indepence with the greatest powr was
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The wealthy land owners.
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The rese of caudillismo reflected among other things
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intensified tendencies towarde regionalism as a resutl of economic stagnation
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The new Latin american republican constitutions contained
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literacy and property qualifications that barred most lower class people form voting.
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The primary aim of the Mexican REforma was
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to eradicate feudal vestiges and implant capitalism.
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The majority of conquistadors were
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commoners
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The motives of the spanish of the spanish conquistadors was
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their desire to gain wealth
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a factor that contributed to the fall of the Indian empires were
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the diseases introduced by Spaniards
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The encomienda was
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the assignmet to a colonist of a group of indians to serve him with tribute and labor.
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the requerimento required the indans on pain of war to
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acknowledge the supremacy of the church and the sovereignty of Spain.
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Bartolome de las Csas proclaimed that
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all spanish conquest and wrs in the new world were illegal
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the new laws of the Indies
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provided that all encomindas were to seize stop on the death of the holder
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Black slaves were principally employed in
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plantation agriculture
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The colonial economy was
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a mixture of feudal and capitalist elemnets
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the most successful pratical attacks in Spanish Amercia were made by
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francis drake
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The triumph of Porfirio Diaz was
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also the triumph of positivism
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A charcteristic of the neo colonial order was
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that one or a few products became the basis of each country's prosperity
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Under porfirio Diaz the mos favored groups were
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important landowners and foreign investors
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Usurpation of Indian lands under diaz accelerated as a ressult of
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the passage of the land laws of 1883,1890,and 1894.
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The achievemnet of independence divided supporters of the old social order from
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those who wanted a new more democratic order
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Indian tribute and forced labor
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reapeardd in many countires under different names
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following independence Indians continued to differ in
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speech, social organization and psychology from the white and mestizo groups
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By 1875 slavery had disappeared everywhere in Latin america except
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in Brazil and Cuba
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A major factor responsible for the disappearance of slvery in teh 19th century was
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Great Britain's hostile behavior to slavery.
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Compadrazco
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established a protective relationship between and upper class godfather and his lower status godchild.
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After independence the influence of the church declined as a result of
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a new and relatively tolerant climate of opinion.
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After independence the position of women
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probably worsened in civil status.
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The massive influx of European immigrants into latin America after 1880
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didn't significantly weakened the prevailing aristrocatic ideology
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