Large Animal Diseases Midterm Ate2661, Summer 2016, Maza

Front 1

A part of the treatment for Actinobacillosis is:

Back 1

sodium iodide

Front 2

A treatment for hardware disease is the administration of:

Back 2

a magnet

Front 3

Peritonitis is most likely to be a complication in cases of:

Back 3

hardware disease

Front 4

An important treatment for laminitis is:

Back 4

NSAIDS

Front 5

The antibiotic that is most effective in treating cases of anaplasmosis is:

Back 5

tetracycline

Front 6

The use of prostaglandins is important in the treatment of:

Back 6

retained placenta

Front 7

When dystocia is suspected, a condition that may be related and can cause uterine inertia is:

Back 7

hypocalcemia

Front 8

A recommended treatment for the Stongyle parasite group is:

Back 8

ivermectin

Front 9

The most common clinical sign reported in horses with rabies infection is?

Back 9

Self mutilation

Front 10

Which of the following below is true regarding Potomac Horse Fever?

Back 10

Caused by bacteria Neorickettsia risticci

Clinical signs include fever, diarrhea, and laminitisIs

transmitted by the caddis fly

All of the above are true

Front 11

Which of the following diseases are caused by a bacterial infection?

Back 11

Thrush

Tetanus

Strangles

All of the above are correct

Front 12

In horses with Strangles, pus can form rock like structures within the guttural pouch. What is the correct terminology for these rock like structures of pus?

Back 12

Chondroids

Front 13

Which of the following is true regarding Canker in horses?

Back 13

Canker is caused by a bacteria, Fusobacterium necrophorum

Front 14

A Coggin's test is required annually for all horses. What disease is this test testing for?

Back 14

Equine Infectious Anemia

Front 15

How many fecal cultures are recommended in horses that are suspected of having Salmonellosis?

Back 15

5

Front 16

Which of the following organs can be infected in horses with "bastard strangles"?

Back 16

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

All of the above are correct

Front 17

Which test is most commonly used to aide in diagnosis of suspected Botulism in horses?

Back 17

Grain test

Front 18

Which strain of Salmonella is the most pathogenic in animals?

Back 18

S. typhimurium

Front 19

Which of the following diseases is characterized by a "saw horse" stance?

Back 19

Tetanus

Front 20

A horse that is lame may point or rest the injured limb

Back 20

True

Front 21

Which of the following modalities can be utilized to diagnose lameness in horses?

Back 21

Thermography

Front 22

What drug is commonly used in nerve blocks on horses?

Back 22

Bupivacaine

Front 23

When evaluating a horse for lameness, which of the following can be utilized to help isolate the lameness to a particular limb?

Back 23

Hoof testers

Observing the horse in motion

Palpating the limb

*All of the above are correct*

Front 24

Which of the following is true regarding sand cracks in horses?

Back 24

Can occur in the toe, quarter, or heel regions of the hoof wall

Front 25

When observing at a trot, if a horse is lame on the left front limb, the head will appear to raise when the ....?

Back 25

Left front limb strikes the ground

Front 26

Which of the following predispose horses to developing navicular disease?

Back 26

Upright pasterns

Front 27

Which of the following statements is true regarding side bone in horses?

Back 27

Occur most commonly on the rear limbs Lameness is irreversible

Involves the dorsal and caudal cartilages of the foot

*None of the above are correct*

Front 28

Exposing a horse to Black Walnut shavings can cause this type of lameness in horses?

Back 28

Laminitis

Front 29

Trotting a horse on a circle can increase the degree of lameness making it more obvious to the viewer.

Back 29

True

Front 30

Causes of esophageal choke include which of the following?

Back 30

Poor dentition

Feeding pelleted feed

Bolting behavior

All of the above are correct

Front 31

Equine tapeworms are treated with what medication?

Back 31

Praziquantel

Front 32

Which of the following are clinical signs that may occur when a horse has sharp enamel points?

Back 32

Dropping feed

Chewing on one side of the horse's mouth Weight loss

All of the above are correct

Front 33

Vomiting is a common symptom in horses with gastrointestinal upset.

Back 33

FALSE

Front 34

In horses, sharp enamel points on the upper dental arcade (upper jaw or maxilla)develop where?

Back 34

Bucchal surface (cheek surface)

Front 35

A strangulating lipoma is best treated bysurgical removal.

Back 35

True

Front 36

Your neighbor knows that you are an experienced veterinary technician and calls you late one evening to ask you about a problem he is having with his horse. He states that the horse was fine at feeding time, but now he is coughing and standing with his head and neck outstretched. There is also a greenish discharge with bits of oats coming out of his mouth and both nostrils. What condition is his horse most likely suffering from?

Back 36

Esophageal Choke

Front 37

Which of the following are clinical signs of colic in horses?

Back 37

Pawing at the ground

Kicking at abdomen

Biting at the flank area

*All of the above are correct*

Front 38

Which of the following is a common complication following esophageal choke?

Back 38

BOTH:

Stricture formation

Aspiration pneumonia

Front 39

Gastric(Stomach) ulcers occur most commonly in adult horses along what part of the stomach?

Back 39

Margo plicatus

Front 40

Which of the following statements is true regarding "tying up" in horses?

Back 40

An elevated CK and AST confirm a diagnosis

Muscles are typically very firm on palpation

The horse appears very stiff and is reluctant to walk

*All of the above are true*

Front 41

What is the name of the Quarter Horse stallion that genetically transmitted the gene for HYPP to his offspring?

Back 41

Impressive

Front 42

What is the cause of HYPP in horses?

Back 42

Elevated potassium levels in the blood

Front 43

Which of the following statements about PSSM in horses is correct?

Back 43

Caused by increased amounts of glycogen in the muscle

Front 44

Head shaking in horses is characterized by what type of head movement?

Back 44

Vertical movement

Front 45

Nutritional Myodegeneration is caused by what dietary deficiency?

Back 45

Vitamin E

Front 46

What body system is affected in foals with Nutritional Myodegeneration?

Back 46

Heart

Front 47

The causative agent in Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis is?

Back 47

Sarcocystis neurona

Front 48

What is considered the gold standard for diagnosing PSSM in horses?

Back 48

Muscle biopsy

Front 49

What is meant by the term myoglobinuria?

Back 49

Excretion of myoglobin in the urine

Front 50

What does the term anhidrosis mean?

Back 50

Failure to sweat

Front 51

Which of the following clinical signs is common in horses with respiratory disease?

Back 51

Fever

Nasal Discharge

Coughing

*All of the above are correct*

Front 52

Which of the following is recommended in the treatment of Equine Metabolic Syndrome?

Back 52

Exercise

Soaking the hay

Grazing muzzle

*All of the above is correct *

Front 53

Hemosiderophages may be present in BAL fluid obtained from horses suspected of having EIPH for up to ___ days?

Back 53

21

Front 54

A bronchoalveolar lavage is a diagnostic technique commonly utilized in horses with suspected respiratory disease.

Back 54

True

Front 55

Which of the following is correct regarding PPID in horses?

Back 55

Hirsutism is a common clinical sign

Front 56

A common detrimental side effect of systemic(oral) steroid use in horses is?

Back 56

Laminitis

Front 57

Which of the following statements is true regarding Rhodococcus equi in foals?

Back 57

R. equi causes a bacterial pneumonia

Front 58

What is the recommended medication for treatment of PPID?

Back 58

Pergolide

Front 59

Equine Metabolic Sydrome is characterized by what clinical signs?

Back 59

Obesity

Front 60

What is the most common skin tumor in horses?

Back 60

Sarcoid

Front 61

The diagnostic test used to detect the presence of a corneal ulcer in a horse is?

Back 61

Fluoroscein stain

Front 62

You are measuring a horse's intraocularpressure with a tonopen. The tonopen reads 18 mm Hg. How would characterize this result?

Back 62

This horse does not have glaucoma

Front 63

Cullicoides Hypersensitivity in horses is caused by what insect vector?

Back 63

Flies

Front 64

Which of the following medications below would Not be appropriate for treatment of a horse with a corneal ulcer?

Back 64

Steroid

Front 65

What are common symptoms that may be seen in horses suffering from ocular disease?

Back 65

Swelling of the eye and adjacent tissue

Change in color of the eye

Discharge

*All of the above*

Front 66

Which of the following statements are true regarding "moon blindness" in horses?

Back 66

Most commonly affects paint horse breeds

Usually is caused by viral infection

Rarely causes blindness

*None of the above are true*

Front 67

The bacteria frequently implicated in cases of Recurrent Uveitis in horses is?

Back 67

Leptospirosis

Front 68

Which of the following neoplastic conditions does NOT commonly involve the ocular structures in horses?

Back 68

Mast cell tumor

Front 69

Proud flesh most commonly occurs secondary to wound healing in what anatomical locations in horses?

Back 69

Below the hocks and carpus

Front 70

Although this drug is licensed for IV and IMadministration, IM administration should be avoided due to risk of ClostridialMyositis infection

Back 70

Banamine

Front 71

What is a G + spore forming anaerobic bacterium that is found in soil, water, contaminated feed that has 8 types bacteria (B,C, and D MC in LA)?

Back 71

Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)

Front 72

Botulism causes this syndrome in foals –

Back 72

Shaker foal syndrome

Front 73

This bacterial dz causes paralysis by blockade ofacetylcholine at neuromuscularjunction

Back 73

Botulism

Front 74

Chronic hypertrophic, moist pododermatitis ofepidermal tissues of foot

Back 74

Canker

Front 75

A wet environment may predispose to this infection

Back 75

Canker

Front 76

______ causes foul odor, frog has cottagecheese-like appearance and is veryfriable. Lameness occurs when the corium of the hoof is infected

Back 76

Canker

Front 77

Back 77

Canker

Front 78

Borrelia burgdorferi

G (–) unicellular spirochete w/ flagellarprojections

Does not live long outsideof host

2 yr enzootic lifecycle tick(female) and mammals

Back 78

Lyme Disease

Front 79

Symptoms of ____________ include fever, stiffness/lameness, anorexia, eyeproblems (uveitis)

Back 79

Lyme Disease

Front 80

• Neorickettsia risticii

• G (-) bacteria (within flukes), affects monocytecells (WBC)

• Trematodes (flukes) shed infected larvae inwater eaten by snails, caddis and mayfliesthat live in water

• Horse accidentally consumes snails or flies

Back 80

Potomac Horse Fever

Front 81

__________ causes bacteria to replicate in GI tract. Common symptoms include fever, diarrhea, abortion inpreg mares, laminitis (founder),toxemia from diarrhea

Back 81

Potomac Horse Fever

Front 82

_______________ 5 common serotyes:– agona, newport, anatum, Krefeld,typhimurium (most pathogenic!)

Back 82

Salmonella

Front 83

___________ Carriers can be subclinical Intermittently shedwith common symptoms of Fever, anorexia, soft watery stool < 5d, but may shed bacteria for months

Back 83

Salmonella

Front 84

______________ can cause Neutropenia – low neutrophils (WBC)

Back 84

Salmonella

Front 85

• G + coccoid

• Shed through nasal discharge from infectedhorse, vectors, discharge from drainingabscesses

• C/S: fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge,swelling/abscessation of submandibular orretropharyngeal LN

Back 85

Strangles (Streptococcus equi)

Front 86

Younger horses risk this infection. Common signs are swelling of lymph nodes along with difficulty breathing

Back 86

Strangles

Front 87

With ______________ bacteriaspreads to other lymph nodes in body and can cause fatality

Back 87

Bastard/Metastatic Strangles

Front 88

A disease that can affect distant sites such as spleen, kidney, liver,mesentery, lung, and brain

Back 88

Strangles

Front 89

Back 89

Chondroid

Front 90

• Anaerobic, G+ bacillus bacteria

• Exposure via wounds, incision sites

• Incubation period – 1-60 d

• Muscle rigidity – “saw horse stance”

• Fatal – 50%

Back 90

Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

Front 91

Bacterial infection (Fusobacterium necrophorum) caused by unsanitary conditions, wet environments. Causes black exudate and foul odor

Back 91

Thrush

Front 92

This disease is caused by bacteria, fungus or yeast along with separation of the white line. Progresses up the hoof wall causes lameness by breaking/chipping of the hoof wall

Back 92

White Line Disease

Front 93

Back 93

Equine foot anatomy

Front 94

Reportable disease to (state veterinarian) that is transmitted blood sucking insects. Symptoms include vague – fever, anorexia, lethargic Anemia, thrombocytopenia. Dx Coggins Test

Back 94

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)

Front 95

This disease is Fatal. Transmitted saliva, bite wound animals. Carriers include Opossums, skunks, raccoons. Symptoms include Self mutilation, neurologic signs, and fever.

Back 95

Rabies

Front 96

Clostridium botulinum (bacteria)• Horses very susceptible• Found in soil• Muscle rigidity

Back 96

Tetanus

Front 97

________ resulting secondary to: Punctures, Hoof abscess, Lacerations, Hot nail

Back 97

Tetanus

Front 98

_________ Goal:
• Prevent spread of active disease
• Prevent spread of potential disease
• Work within what you have
• How the disease is transmitted
• Risk factors for the disease
• Who is susceptible to getting the disease?

Back 98

Biosecurity

Front 99

Principles of ___________ are to isolate new arrivals and any animal at first signs of illness, or has been exposed to a sick animal for 7-10 days Use separate tools on sick animals. Foot bath outside of stall, aisle or door.

Back 99

Biosecurity

Front 100

Back 100

Enamel Points

Front 101

Back 101

Sharp Points

Front 102

Back 102

Oral mucosal ulcerations

Front 103

Back 103

Full Mouth Speculum

Front 104

______________Occurs at any location in the esophagus. Causes include Poor dentition, Lack of water intake, Type of feed, pelleted, cubes, Behavior, bolting feed

Back 104

Esophageal Choke

Front 105

________ Clinical Signs include Colic, excessive drooling/foaming at mouth. Feed material coming out of nostrils, Coughing , Head/neckextended

Back 105

Esophageal Choke

Front 106

______________ Treatment remove any hay/water , sedate to calm horse and relax esophageal muscles. Pass nasogastric tube. Break up food bolus with water. Push food bolus into stomach.

Back 106

Esophageal Choke treatment

Front 107

The most common complication related to _____________ is Aspiration pneumonia

Back 107

Esophageal Choke

Front 108

Back 108

Stricture formation

Front 109

Back 109

Gastric Ulcers

Front 110

_____________ (the junction between theg landular and nonglandular part of stomach) is the most common site for ulcer formation.

Back 110

Margo Plicatus

Front 111

Clinical Signs of ______ Pawing at the ground, Rolling, Biting at flanks, Frequently laying dow, Anorexia, Profuse sweating, Fleming sign, Camel Stretching

Back 111

Colic

Front 112

______________ older horses (> 10 yrs), commonly in Arabs. Causes colic, must be differentiated from enteritis, needs emergency surgery.

Back 112

Strangulating Lipoma

Front 113

___________ Rock of minerals/ingesta, causes snowball effect. Commonly found in horses living in California or in sandy soils environment.

Back 113

Enterolith

Front 114

_______________ =Failure to sweat. Found in geographic areas w/ hot,humid weather for prolonged period. Speculated that sweat glands are overstimulated and become resistant nerve stimulation of the gland.

Back 114

Anhidrosis

Front 115

Drug used in a Sweat gland stimulation test

Back 115

Terbutaline

Front 116

___________ Occurs with obesity. Similar to type 2 diabetes in people. Tissue insensitivity to blood glucose. High blood glucose = laminitis

Back 116

Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Front 117

______________ occurs at any age. Genetic predisposition– Ponies > horses– Morgans, Fjords,Arabians. “Easy keepers”

Back 117

Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Front 118

Common symptoms of ____________ are obesity, Cresty neck, fat pads on tail head, and Laminitis

Back 118

Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Front 119

• Endemic on a farm affecting many foals

• Bacterial survives in the soil

• Abscesses in lungs

Back 119

Rhodoccocus equi

Front 120

• Lung inflammatory condition - allergic

• Chronic – narrowing of lower airways

• Inflammation – increased mucusproduction

• Allergens – mold, dust in hay

Back 120

Recurrent Airway Obstruction

Front 121

Symptoms with ____________ include: coughing, nasal flare, heave line,decreased performance, weight loss

Back 121

Recurrent Airway Obstruction

Front 122

Used to treat Recurrent Airway Obstruction

Back 122

Bronchoalveolarlavage – (BAL)

Front 123

Reducing dust exposure along with soaking feed, hay cubes helps with

Back 123

Recurrent Airway Obstruction

Front 124

Occurs under strenuous exercise causes bleeding from the nostrils or bloodin the trachea or lungs post racing, decperformance. Rupture of bloodvessels in lungs – pressure related

Back 124

Exercise Induced PulmonaryHemorrhage

Front 125

Back 125

Exercise Induced PulmonaryHemorrhage Causes Epistaxis and blood in trachea

Front 126

Back 126

Hemosiderophages in lung fluid taken viaBAL

Front 127

• “Roaring”

• Partial – complete collapse of 1 of thelaryngeal cartilages

• Noise occurs when air travels through

narrowed opening leading into trachea

•MC involves the left cartilage– Paralysis Left

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Back 127

Laryngeal Hemiplegia

Front 128

Observe at rest

– Point the lame foot forward (front leg)

– Rest the foot (rear limb)

– Look for trauma

– Look for swelling

– Compare to opposite limb

Back 128

Equine Lameness Test

Front 129

For a _____________ you must Observe the horse in motion, Trotting in a straight line, Trotting in a circle and on Hard or soft surfaces

Back 129

Equine Lameness Test

Front 130

– Flex joints 30 sec – 1.5 min

– Immediately jog the horse

– Look for lameness

Back 130

Flexion tests

Front 131

Grade 1– Grade 5 are scores for this scale.

Back 131

Lameness grading scale

Front 132

“bone scan”, IV Injection with a radioactive isotope, Technetium-99 (Tc)

Back 132

Nuclear Scintigraphy

Front 133

Horses bear most weight on frontlimbs

Back 133

True

Front 134

Common causes of lameness in foot:

Back 134

– Hoof abscess or solar bruising

– Navicular syndrome

– Laminitis

– Fracture of third phalanx (P3)

Front 135

_____________ is a chronic, septic condition of one of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx characterized by necrosis of the cartilage

Back 135

Quittor

Front 136

Degenenerative change in navicular bone

Back 136

Navicular disease

Front 137

Toxins, illness, Cushings disease, sugars

Back 137

Laminitis

Front 138

Symptoms of ___________ Walking on eggshells, rocked back stance

Back 138

Laminitis

Front 139

Moist dermatitis – back of pasterns– Tx – clip, topical medications

Back 139

Grease Heel – Mud fever, scratches

Front 140

Inflammatory condition of the uveal structures within the eye. Most common in Appaloosa breed. Associated with Leptospirosis infection. Leading cause of blindness in adult horses.

Back 140

Recurrent Uveitis (Moon Blindness)

Front 141

– Increased intra-ocular pressure

– Not a primary disease in horses

– Secondary to uveitis or ocular neoplasia

Back 141

Glaucoma

Front 142

Normal intra-ocular pressure in a horse is

Back 142

< 20 mm Hg

Front 143

• Prevalent in draft horses, QH, WB

• Type I (inherited), Type II

• Caused by abnormal accumulation of glycogen(sugar) in the muscle

• Clinical signs – sweating, generalized stiffness,reluctance to move; poor performance and loss ofmuscle mass

Back 143

Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy

Front 144

Muscle biopsy (gold standard)– Abnormal accumulation glycogen on muscle biopsy. Elevated CK and AST

Back 144

Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy(PSSM, EPSM)

Front 145

Back 145

HYPP (Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis)

Front 146

• High blood potassium levels

• Occurs QH, QHX, Appaloosa, American Paints

• Impressive blood lines,Heavy muscling, Halter
QH horses

Back 146

HYPP (Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis)

Front 147

Inherited - Autosomal dominant trait. Homozygous (more severe dz), heterozygous. muscle weakness, muscle fasiculations,respiratory obstruction

Back 147

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP)

Front 148

• White muscle disease, stiff lamb disease– Affects skeletal and cardiac muscle

• Due to deficiency Vit E and selenium in diet

• Selenium deficient soils – NE, E coasts, NW US

• MC occurs in young animals <1 yr age

Back 148

Nutritional Myodegeneration (NMD)

Front 149

• Spinal cord compression in neck

• MC in young horses < 4 yrs (genetic ?)

• C/S – front/hind limb ataxia, low neck carriage

• Dx – neck xrays, myelogram

• Tx – anti-inflammatory, supportive, diet;

Back 149

Wobbler Syndrome

Front 150

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)

Back 150

• Caused by Sarcocystis neurona, Neospora hughesi(protozoans) – opossum urine/feces

• Parasite causes inflammation brain/spinal cord• C/S – variable – assymetrical - muscle atrophy, difficultyeating, ataxia

dewormer (anti-protozoal) - minimum 30 days

Front 151

• Hyperflexion (involuntary) of one orboth hock joints when walking

• Severe – foot may strike abdomen

• Tx – none successful, progressive dz

Back 151

Stringhalt

Front 152

__________ toxin –a cause of laminitis

Back 152

Black Walnut shavings

Front 153

_________ is a bony growth within the lower hock joint of horse

Back 153

Bone spavin

Front 154

Also known as Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction or PPID, ___________ is a dysfunction of the pituitary gland. It is most common in older horses

Back 154

Cushing's Disease

Front 155

Encephalomyelitis in horses caused by infection with the______________

Back 155

West Nile virus