Large Animal

Front 1

Stallion/Stud

Back 1

intact male after third birthday

Front 2

Gelding

Back 2

castrated male of any age

Front 3

Mare

Back 3

female after third bday

Front 4

Broodmare

Back 4

mare that is used for breeding

Front 5

Maiden mare

Back 5

1st time mommy

Front 6

Foal

Back 6

young horse, from birth to weaning (~4-7 months)

Front 7

Colt

Back 7

young intact male

Front 8

Filly

Back 8

young female horse

Front 9

Donkey

Back 9

long ears, small like a pony with different body shape, grey in color

Front 10

Mule

Back 10

donkey and horse cross, sterile. bigger than donkey but with long ears

Front 11

Near side

Back 11

horses left side, the side you mount, lead, harness buckle

Front 12

Far side

Back 12

horses right side

Front 13

Withers

Back 13

between shoulder blades, hump between neck and back (spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae)

Front 14

Fetlock

Back 14

ankles (on all four limbs)

Front 15

Hock

Back 15

back limbs, joint above fetlock

Front 16

Knee-

Back 16

front limbs, wrist (Carpus)

Front 17

coronet or coronary band

Back 17

band at the top of hoof

Front 18

What is a horses first reaction to danger?

Back 18

run away

Front 19

which of their senses do horses rely heavily on?

Back 19

Rely heavily on vision and hearing

Front 20

Body language: Pawing ground with feet.

Back 20

bored, in pain

Front 21

Body language: striking

Back 21

striking is what they do with their front feet. Typically an aggressive behavior. Mares are especially known to strike out at male horses when they're not in heat.

Front 22

Double barrel kick vs cow kick:

Back 22

Kicking (double barrel kick, cow kick) - something they do with their hind legsDouble barrel kick is when they kick both rear legs out to the backA cow kick is when they kick one leg out to the side.

Front 23

Body language: hind leg cocked

Back 23

relaxed - when they lock their joints to keep themselves upright, sometimes they'll bend one of the lets.

Front 24

Body language: Shifting or rocking

Back 24

pain; shifting weight off of one limb

Front 25

What is the Flehmen response?

Back 25

horses trapping odor molecules in their nostrils. Stallions often do this when checking out if a female is in heat.

Front 26

Characteristics of a frightened horse:

Back 26

tense ears

Stiff or flicking tail

Hold breath

White eyes

Nostrils flair

trembling

Front 27

Characteristics of a relaxed horse:

Back 27

Lowered head (the lower it goes, the more relaxed)

Relaxed ears

Lick lips

Chew

Drop tail

Front 28

What are safe zones of horses?

Back 28

very close or very far

Front 29

What is a plastic muzzle for a horse used for?

Back 29

To keep NPO overnight or to prevent a colicky horse from eating

Front 30

What is a wire muzzle used for in horses?

Back 30

Can drink but not eat (they can get some food, but not as much)

Front 31

What is a neck cradle used for in equine?

Back 31

Prevents mutilation. Can't move head laterally but can still eat. This is like an E Collar for horses.

Front 32

What class of drugs is Detomidine (Dormosedan®) and what is its main effects/uses/advantages and what is the main disadvantages?

Back 32

Alpha2-Agonist (sedative with a short analgesic effect, depresses the cardiovascular system so you may hear a second degree heart block)

Front 33

What class of drugs is Xylazine (Rompun®) and what is its main effects/uses/advantages and what is the main disadvantages?

Back 33

Alpha2-Agonist (sedative with a short analgesic effect, depresses the cardiovascular system so you may hear a second degree heart block)

Front 34

What class of drugs is Romifidine (Sedivet®) and what is its main effects/uses/advantages and what is the main disadvantages?

Back 34

Alpha2-Agonist (sedative with a short analgesic effect)

Front 35

What class of drugs is Acepromazine (“Ace”) and what is its main effects/uses/advantages and what is the main disadvantages?

Back 35

Phenothiazine tranquilizer, no analgesic effects. Ace can cause a permanent penile prolapse in horses, so NOT A GOOD DRUG in breeding stallions.

Front 36

What class of drugs is Butorphanol (Torbugesic®, “Torb”)and what is its main effects/uses/advantages and what is the main disadvantages?

Back 36

Agonist-Antagonist opiate, good for mild pain. Sometimes mixed w/ a sedative or tranquilizer for a standing procedure (neuroleptanalgesic).

Front 37

What class of drugs is Morphine and what is its main effects/uses/advantages and what is the main disadvantages?

Back 37

(pure mu opiate good for high pain)

Front 38

To successfully catch a foal, what should you do first?

Back 38

catching and controlling THE MARE!! The foal will naturally follow the mare, so if you have the mare with you, the baby will follow.

Front 39

What is the proper restraint of a foal?

Back 39

Place one arm in front of chest and the other around the hindquarters or tail

Front 40

How do you determine age in a horse?

Back 40

Evaluate their teeth. Just an estimate, not definitive.

Or their papers - if they're a registered breed, their papers will have their date of birth.

Front 41

Normal RR of horse

Back 41

10-20 bpm

Front 42

T/F: horses cannot breath through mouth

Back 42

true- obligate nasal breathers

Front 43

Normal pulse of horse

Back 43

30-40bpm

Front 44

What is most common arrhythmia of horses?

Back 44

Second degree heart block

Front 45

Normal temp for horses

Back 45

99.0-101.5

Front 46

How long should you listen to each quadrant of the abdomen?

Back 46

1 minute

Front 47

Borborygmi

Back 47

intestinal motility sounds

Front 48

When recording gut motility in a horse what does "0" indicate?

Back 48

No motility heard

Front 49

When recording gut motility in a horse what does "+1" indicate?

Back 49

Hypomotility

Front 50

When recording gut motility in a horse what does "+2" indicate?

Back 50

Normal motility

Front 51

When recording gut motility in a horse what does "+3" indicate?

Back 51

Hypermotility

Front 52

ballottement

Back 52

palpation of rumen contractions. pressing both fists firmly into the left paralumbar fossa, hold for 1 minute.

Front 53

What are some locations to check MM?

Back 53

gums, conjunctiva of eye, prepuce, lining of nose, inner surface of vulva

Front 54

T/F: you check MM in the ear of a horse

Back 54

F: the ear pinna does not secrete mucus and therefore is not a mucous membrane

Front 55

What is a brick red color MM indicate?

Back 55

Bacterial septicemia, septic shock, or both

Front 56

What does a toxic line in horse indicate?

Back 56

Purple gum line along margins of teethEndotoxic shock/endotoxemia

Front 57

What are Petechial hemorrhages?

Back 57

Reddish spotting from clotting disorder

Front 58

What is normal results for skin turgor test?

Back 58

1 second or less

Front 59

What is results for skin turgor test for a horse >%5 dehydrated?

Back 59

>1 second

Front 60

What is results for skin turgor test for a horse who is severely dehydrated?

Back 60

>8 seconds

Front 61

What are the 2 preferred ways to check hydration status in horse?

Back 61

skin tugor and CRT

Front 62

horses are measured in what unit of measurement?

Back 62

hands

Front 63

1 hand= _____ inches

Back 63

4"

Front 64

Where do you measure for a horses height?

Back 64

Measure from highest point of whithers to the ground

Front 65

Where do you place the weight tape for horses?

Back 65

For weight place around thorax, just caudal to whithers

Front 66

How long is a health certificate good for and why do you need it for horses?

Back 66

Health cert required for interstate transport Includes owner, origin, destination, transporterValid for 30 days.

Front 67

What does Coggins test test for?

Back 67

equine infectious anemia, EIA.

Front 68

T/F: As much as 90% of health-related disease in large animals can be related to improper nutrition.

Back 68

T

Front 69

What kind of stomach do non ruminant herbivores have?

Back 69

MONOGASTRIC stomachs

Front 70

Where does fermentation happen in horse?

Back 70

cecum/ hind gut fermentors- Microbial digestion like in the ruminant stomach (“fermentation vat” – VFAs (VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS) produced by microbes for energy)

Front 71

What is the mainstay of horses diet and cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes?

Back 71

fiber

Front 72

What organ produces bile in horse?

Back 72

liver

Front 73

What is the single most important nutrient for horses?

Back 73

water

Front 74

What is horses main source of energy?

Back 74

Fiber (carbohydrate)

Front 75

How much water do horses drink per day?

Back 75

5-7 gallons

Front 76

What do microbes produce?

Back 76

VFA’S (VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS) which are then used for energy

Front 77

What happens if a horse has too much starch in diet?

Back 77

Any starch not digested/absorbed in small intestine passes to large intestine for fermentative digestion

Hindgut digestion of starch produces lactic acid which changes gut pH

Can lead to colitis due to irritation or laminitis due to release of endotoxins

Front 78

Laminitis

Back 78

LAMINA IS LAYER BEWTEEN COFFIN BONE AND HOOF. LAMINITIS IS THE INFLAMMATION OF THIS AREA.IN SEVERE CASES COFFIN BONE CAN DETATCH AND ROTATE

THIS CAN HAPPEN WHEN HORSE GETS INTO FEED ROOM AND EATS TOO MUCH GRAIN (MEDICAL EMERGENCY)

Front 79

When does grass have more sugar?

Back 79

GRASS WILL HAVE HIGHER SUGAR IN THE MORNING AND when it is LUSH GREEN GRASS

Front 80

What can high sugar lead to?

Back 80

laminitis

Front 81

Why can't horses digest high fat diets?

Back 81

no gallbladder

Front 82

What is the most expensive component to horses diet?

Back 82

protein

Front 83

What does protein provide in horses diet?

Back 83

amino acids

Front 84

What are some protein deficiency signs?

Back 84

weight loss, poor performance, rough hair coat

Front 85

Why do horses need minerals in diet?

Back 85

Needed for:Maintenance of body structure, fluid balance, nerve conduction, muscle contractionCritical for young, growing horses

Front 86

What is the ratio needed for Ca:P for proper absorption?

Back 86

Ca:P should be 2:1 for proper absorption

Front 87

What is the best feed type for horses?

Back 87

pasture- provides 100% nutrients

Front 88

T/F: When restraining a foal it is important to remove the mare from the immediate area.

Back 88

F

Front 89

T/F: horses have a relatively large monogastric stomach

Back 89

F

Front 90

When are concentrates usually fed to horses?

Back 90

Usually fed when forage alone does not meet nutritional requirements – must ensure diet is properly balanced

Front 91

What is beet pulp good for?

Back 91

Good for WEIGHT gain (more calories)

High in digestible FIBER low in starch

Front 92

Why is beet pulp soaked?

Back 92

to prevent choke

Front 93

What are Glucasomine and chondroitin used for?

Back 93

joint supplements

Front 94

What should be the foundation of diet?

Back 94

FOURAGE/ROUGHAGE should be the foundation of diet – no less than 50%, but ideally at least 70% of diet and even up to 100%

Front 95

T/F: salt should always be added to diet

Back 95

T

Front 96

How many hours a day should horse graze?

Back 96

Graze approx. 12-20 hrs per day

Front 97

How much pasture or hay should a horse consume in relation to their body weight a day?

Back 97

Should consume at least 1.5% of their body weight in pasture or hay each day

1000 lb horse = 15-30 lbs hay/day

Front 98

During lactation how should a horses energy and protein intake change?

Back 98

Double energy and protein from maintenance. During lactation low energy and protein will limit milk production

Front 99

What kind of teeth do horses have?

Back 99

hypsodont teeth

Front 100

What are caps in horses?

Back 100

Caps: Deciduous teeth that have not been lost and sit on top of the permanent teeth.

Front 101

What are cups in horses?

Back 101

Cups (infundibulum): Indentation on occlusive table of young, permanent tooth. Deeper in young horses and wear away over time.

Front 102

What is a dental star?

Back 102

Dental star (pulp mark): Exposed central pulp cavity that occurs after wear over time. Appears as cup disappears (8-10 years of age). First appears as wide, thin yellow line in front of central enamel then becomes dark, round circle in center of tooth with age.

Front 103

At what age will a horse have all of its teeth?

Back 103

Age 5, all permanent teeth are erupted.

Front 104

What tooth is a wolf tooth and when will it appear?

Back 104

upper 1st premolar. May appear at 5-6 months of age.

Front 105

What is Galvaynes groove?

Back 105

Galvayne’s groove: Groove at the gum margin on upper corner incisor

Front 106

Deciduous dental formula for horse

Back 106

2 (I 3/3 C 0/0 PM 3/3) = 24

Front 107

Adult dental formula for horse

Back 107

2(I 3/3 C 0-1/0-1 PM 3-4/3-4 M 3/3) = 36-44

Front 108

At what age do canines erupt in male horses?

Back 108

5-6 yo.

CANINES in females are usually absent or very small and seldom erupt (20%).

Front 109

When estimated teeth by age what tooth do you look at?

Back 109

incisors

Front 110

T/F: Angle of incisors becomes more parallel as they get older

Back 110

T

Front 111

What is quidding and what is it caused by?

Back 111

BALLS OF PARTIALLY CHEWED UP FEED ON THE GROUND.

inefficient chewing

Front 112

What are 5 signs of dental disease in horse?

Back 112

Quidding, weight loss, foul odor from mouth, head tilt/shaking, bleeding mouth, swelling under eyes, poor performance under saddle

Front 113

T/F: When a horse exhibits behavioral problems, it is always important to rule out dental problems first.

Back 113

T

Front 114

Where do dental hooks form in horses?

Back 114

BUCCAL SURFACE OF UPPER JAW OR MAXILLA

LINGUAL SURFACE OF THE MANDIBLE

HOOKS CAN FORM ON FIRST TOOTH ON 2ND PM OR A CAUDAL HOOK ON THE LAST TOOTH.

Front 115

What is a dose syringe used for in horses?

Back 115

for flushing mouth and stainless steel bucket with water and disinfectant

Front 116

What is a parrot mouth?

Back 116

Upper jaw longer than lower jaw causes hooks to develop and incisors to grow abnormally

Front 117

Define lameness

Back 117

ABNORMAL stance or gait

Front 118

What is most common cause of lameness

Back 118

pain

Front 119

T/F: Clinical signs of thrush include smelly, black discharge from the frog sulci, as well as mild to severe lameness.

Back 119

F

Front 120

T/F: 90% of lamenesses are at or below the CARPUS "KNEE" OR THE TARSUS "HOCK". (DISTAL LIMBS)

Back 120

T

Front 121

General guideline for head bobbing when evaluating for lameness is:

Back 121

“down on ON THE SOUND"

Front 122

What is the joint flexion test?

Back 122

Limbs held in flexed position for 45-60 seconds and released

HIND LEG CAN BE HELD FOR UP TO 90 SECONDS SINCE THERE IS MUCH MORE MUSCLE IN HIND

Horse immediately trotted to look for irregularities

Front 123

When taking radiographs for lameness what views are taken?

Back 123

4 MAIN VIEWS:

LATERAL TO MEDIAL- OBLIQUE

MEDIAL TO LATERAL- OBLIQUE

LATERAL

ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR

Front 124

What test uses Radioisotopes injected IV and scanned with gamma cameras?

Back 124

Nuclear scintigraphy

Front 125

What is the scale for lameness?

Back 125

0-5. 0= no lameness, 5= minimal to no weight bearing

Front 126

Arthritis common in older horses and athletic horses is known as

Back 126

DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE (DJD)

Front 127

Bone spavin =

Back 127

arthritis in HOCK

Front 128

Osselets=

Back 128

= arthritis in FETLOCK

Front 129

Ring bone=

Back 129

arthritis in PASTERN

Front 130

How do you manage arthritis in horses?

Back 130

Early intervention

Changing training program to decrease joint trauma if possible- IDEAL

NSAID

Front 131

What two NSAIDS are used in horses with arthritis?

Back 131

Phenylbutazone (bute)can only go IV, if given perivascularly it can cause tissue necrosis and sloughing

Firocoxib (Equioxx®)- safer NSAID than bute and Banamine

Front 132

What is navicular syndrome?

Back 132

Inflammation or degeneration of NAVICULAR BONE bone (distal sesamoid)

Chronic, often progressive disease

Front 133

Whats One of most common causes of forelimb lameness?

Back 133

navicular syndrome

Front 134

What is primary function of navicular bone?

Back 134

The primary function of navicular bone is to provide constant angle of insertion for DDFT (DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON)

Front 135

3 theories of pathogenesis for navicular syndrome?

Back 135

Specific cause unknown.

3 theories:

Chronic inflammation- Most accepted theory

Vascular alterations

Repetitive biomechanical forces

Front 136

During PE, when using hoof testers where should you place the hoof testers to test for navicular syndrome?

Back 136

HOOF testers over middle one-third of frog often show pain response

Front 137

What is main focus of treatment of navicular syndrome?

Back 137

No standard treatment. aimed at PAIN relief rather than prevention of further damage

Front 138

How does ISOXSUPRINE help navicular syndrome?

Back 138

Peripheral VASODILATING agent

May alter blood flow to or from the navicular bone

No conclusive evidence of efficacy in treating navicular disease

Front 139

What is laminitis?

Back 139

Inflammation of sensitive laminae of hoof WALL

Front 140

What does the term "founder" mean?

Back 140

Coffin bone rotates downwards away from hoof wall

Front 141

What are some clinical signs of laminitis?

Back 141

Most commonly seen in FRONT legs

Heat around coronary band- WHERE HOOF MEETS SKIN

Bounding pulses in palmar DIGITAL arteries

Inflammation in hoof restricts blood flow

Reluctance to move

Pain over toe with hoof testers

Front 142

What does a "camped out" stance indicate?

Back 142

laminitis

Front 143

Is acute laminitis an emergency?

Back 143

yes. COFFIN bone rotation can occur rapidly.

Front 144

What is Most COMMON cause of acute, severe lameness?

Back 144

hoof abscess

Front 145

What are two predisposing factors to hoof abscess?

Back 145

Predisposing factors: Foreign body penetration into hoof capsule, Chronic laminitis

Front 146

How do you treat hoof abscess?

Back 146

Localize pain and clean out abscessEpsom salt soaksBoot or bandage over foot

Front 147

What is thrush and in what conditions is it usually seen?

Back 147

Bacterial infection of sulci of FROG OF FOOT

Fusarium necrophorum

Usually found in horses kept in WET conditions

Front 148

What are clinical signs of thrush?

Back 148

SMELLY, black discharge from frog sulci

Usually NOT lame

Front 149

What is treatment for thrush?

Back 149

CLEAN feet, remove necrotic tissue

Move to dry environment

Topical astringents (Koppertox, iodine, etc)

Front 150

What is the Most commonly diagnosed INFECTIOUS cause of DIARRHEA in horses?

Back 150

Salmonella

Front 151

What is the treatment for salmonella?

Back 151

Treatment is supportive

IV FLUID therapy and ELECTROLYTE replacementUp to 40-80L/day of fluids

NSAIDS -flunixin meglumine (Banamine)

Front 152

How long should a horse be isolated with Salmonella?

Back 152

Horse must be isolated until 5 consecutive negative FECAL samples FOR 5 DAYS

Front 153

T/F: Horses seen at veterinary hospitals are more likely to shed Salmonella than are horses seen in their own barns.

Back 153

T- due to stress

Front 154

What is One of most common EMERGENCIES IN HORSES and potentially life threatening?

Back 154

Colic

Front 155

How is colic categorized?

Back 155

Categorized by type of treatment required:

Medical: Impactions, parasites, inflammation

Surgical: Obstructions, torsions, severe impactions

Front 156

What are 4 general causes of colic?

Back 156

1. distention of gut

2. simple impaction or blockage

3. obstruction or blockage with partial or complete shut ups of blood supply

4. enteritis/colitis

Front 157

What are some clinical signs of colic?

Back 157

Clinical signs:Restlessness: standing and laying down repeatedly

Laying down for PROLONGED periods of time

Rapid breathing and pulse

Rolling

Kicking, biting, and/or looking at ABDOMEN

Pawing

Front 158

What is the reason for nasogastric intubation?

Back 158

Presence of GASTRIC REFLUX (excess fluid in stomach– sign of intestinal obstruction or enteritis)

volume: Normal = < 4L, GASTRIC REFLUX = >4L

Front 159

What is goal of colic treatment?

Back 159

Goal – provide relief and address underlying problem

Front 160

For administration of IV fluids, where do you place the IVC?

Back 160

upper 1/3 jugular vein

Front 161

What analgesics are used for colic treatment?

Back 161

Flunixin meglumine (Banamine- NSAID) , xylazine (Rompun- alpha 2 agonist), detomidine (Dormosadan- alpha 2), butorphanol (Torbulgesic- mixed agonist-antagonist opiod)

Front 162

Where do gastric ulcers usually form?

Back 162

Non-glandular portion near esophagus

-Constantly produce hydrochloric acid

Front 163

What are clinical signs of gastric ulcers?

Back 163

Chronic, low-grade colic

Poor performance

Loss of condition

Poor hair coat

Front 164

How do you dx gastric ulcers?

Back 164

Gastroscopy

Front 165

What is treatment for gastric ulcers?

Back 165

PREVENTION is KEY!

Remove predisposing factors

H2 blockers (HISTAMINE BLOCKERS) (cimetidine and ranitidine)

Buffers/Antacids

ProtectantsBlock acid from coming into contact with the stomach lining (sucralfate)

Acid pump inhibitor

Front 166

What is choke?

Back 166

Obstruction of esophagus- Usually by grain or hay

Front 167

What are some causes of choke?

Back 167

Chronic dental disease

Indequate water intake

Large feed particles

Greedy eating habits

Dry food

Front 168

What is a significant complication of choke?

Back 168

aspiration pneumonia

Front 169

What size IV catheter do you use in horses?

Back 169

14 gauge 5 inch

Front 170

What is transtracheal aspiration is useful for diagnosis of what?

Back 170

lower respiratory tract dz

Front 171

What diagnostic tests are used for upper airway dz?

Back 171

endoscopy, radiography, CT, MRI

Front 172

Is equine influenza viral or bacterial?

Back 172

viral

Front 173

How is equine influenza transmitted?

Back 173

Aerosolization during coughing

highly contagious

Front 174

What is One of most common causes of rapidly spreading outbreaks of respiratory disease in equine?

Back 174

Equine influenza

Front 175

What are clinical signs of equine influenza?

Back 175

Fever, anorexia, weight loss, mucopurulent nasal discharge, increased respiratory rate, lymphadenopathy, cough

Front 176

How do you prevent equine influenza?

Back 176

vaccine, recommended every 6 months

Front 177

What is Rhinopneumonitis also known as?

Back 177

Equine herpes virus

Front 178

What does Rhinopneumonitis cause in horses?

Back 178

respiratory disease and abortion

Front 179

How is rhinopneumonitis transmitted?

Back 179

Aerosolization from infected coughing horses

Direct contact with respiratory secretions or indirect (fomite)

Contact with aborted fetuses, fetal fluids, placenta associated with abortion (EHV-1)

Front 180

What is the vaccination schedule for Rhinopneumonitis for horses?

Back 180

2x/ year- spring and fall (rhino and flu)

Front 181

What bacteria is strangles caused by?

Back 181

Streptococcus equi

Front 182

How is strangles transmitted?

Back 182

Nasal secretions

Fomites

Front 183

What condition causes Swelling and abscesses of submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes in equine?

Back 183

strangles

Front 184

How long is a horse with strangles contagious for?

Back 184

Remain contagious 6 weeks after recovery

Front 185

Is there a vaccine for strangles?

Back 185

yes but Not 100% effective

Modified-live IN

Side effects

Front 186

What is COPD in horses also referred to?

Back 186

Also known as Recurrent Airway

Obstruction (RAO) or HEAVES

Front 187

What is a heave line?

Back 187

Heave LINE- muscular line across abdomen from abdominal breathing

Front 188

What are clinical signs of Heaves?

Back 188

Exercise intolerance

Difficulty breathing

Abdominal breathing

Heave LINE

nasal discharge

cough

Front 189

what is the Most serious zoonotic disease of all mammals

Back 189

rabies

Front 190

What virus is rabies caused by?

Back 190

rhabdovirus

Front 191

What are the 4 kinds of equine encephalomyelitis?

Back 191

Eastern (EEE)

Western (WEE)

Venezuelan (VEE)

West Nile (WNV)

Front 192

What are clinical signs of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

Back 192

Fever, ataxia, anorexia, paralysis, circling, head pressing, hyperexcitability

Front 193

What virus is ENCEPHALOMYELITIS caused by?

Back 193

Equine alphaviruses

Front 194

How do you prevent Equine ENCEPHALOMYELITIS?

Back 194

core vaccines

Front 195

What is the most common cause of infection of contaminated wounds in horses?

Back 195

tetanus

Front 196

How soon do clinical signs for tetanus present?

Back 196

7-10 days after injury

Front 197

What is a common clinical sign of tetanus besides "lock jaw" in horses?

Back 197

Generalized stiffness to start – leads to“sawhorse appearance”

Front 198

What is the definitive host for EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS (EPM)?

Back 198

opossum- although armadillos, raccoons, cats and skunks are intermediate hosts

Front 199

What is the transmission of EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS (EPM)?

Back 199

fecal-oral

Front 200

What is cervical vertebral malformation (CVM) also known as?

Back 200

Wobblers syndrome

Front 201

What is wobblers dz characterized by?

Back 201

Characterized by compression of cervical spinal cord.

Abnormal growth/articulation of vertebral bodies

Front 202

What are clinical signs of Wobblers dz?

Back 202

Mild to severe ataxia of limbs (affects coordination)

Front 203

How often should you reposition a recumbent horse?

Back 203

every 2 hours

Front 204

define decubital ulcers

Back 204

pressure sores

Front 205

Eyes of horses predisposed to trauma due to________ location

Back 205

lateral

Front 206

__________ is also known as “moon blindness”

Back 206

EQUINE RECURRENT UVEITIS (ERU)

Front 207

What is most common cause of blindness in the horse?

Back 207

EQUINE RECURRENT UVEITIS (ERU) (AKA moon blindness)

Front 208

Blepharospasm

Back 208

involuntary closing of the eye due to pain

Front 209

Clinical signs of EQUINE RECURRENT UVEITIS

Back 209

Blepharospasm, lacrimation, vascularization of sclera, photophobia, corneal edema and ulcers, inflammation, pain

Front 210

_________ is also known as “swamp fever”

Back 210

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA (EIA)

Front 211

What kind of disease is EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA (EIA)?

Back 211

Persistent viral disease

Front 212

What are clinical signs of EIA?

Back 212

Anemia

Petechiae

Fever

Lethargy

Weight loss /anorexia

Thrombocytopenia

Front 213

How is EIA transmitted?

Back 213

biting flies (ie. horse flies, deer flies)

Front 214

T/F: Once a horse is infected with EIA it is permanently infected and is a carrier for life.

Back 214

T

Front 215

What does Coggins Test test for?

Back 215

EIA

Front 216

T/F: EIA is not a reportable disease.

Back 216

F

Front 217

Horses that test positive for EIA must be:

Back 217

Euthanized or Branded and quarantined

200 yards away in insect-free enclosure

Front 218

What age group is Cushings disease in a horse common?

Back 218

geriatrics

Front 219

What is Cushings dz caused by?

Back 219

Caused by excessive hormonal secretions from pituitary gland (ACTH) which leads to hyperadrenocorticism

Stimulates excessive cortisol release from adrenal glands

Front 220

What do you check Digital pulses in a horse for?

Back 220

bounding digital pulses means laminits

Front 221

What is Hirsutism (long and wavy hair coat that does not shed in spring) a clinical sign for in horses?

Back 221

Cushings disease

Front 222

T/F: when a horse has Cushings disease they are very prone to laminitis

Back 222

T

Front 223

What does Pergolide help with in the treatment of cushings dz in horses?

Back 223

Replaces dopamine which many Cushingoid horses lack

Front 224

How is VESICULAR STOMATITIS (VS) transmitted?

Back 224

Transmitted through biting flies and direct contact with lesions or contaminated objects/areas

Front 225

Is vesicular stomatitis (VS) reportable?

Back 225

yes, Zoonotic and reportable

Front 226

What are clinical signs of Vesicular stomatitis (VS) in horses?

Back 226

Fever

White fluid filled blisters on tongue, lips, nose, mouth

Ulcerations when rupture

May also develop on coronary band, belly, prepuce, udder

Front 227

How do you treat VESICULAR STOMATITIS (VS) in horses?

Back 227

Limited – most recover 7-14 days

Supportive care – soften feed, NSAIDs

Quarantine all susceptible horses on premises until 21 days after lesions heal

ISOLATION of infected horses

Front 228

___________ is also known as "dry land distemper"

Back 228

PIGEON FEVER

Front 229

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes what disease in horses?

Back 229

pigeon fever (AKA dry land distemper)

Front 230

Where is pigeon fever most often found and how is it transmitted?

Back 230

Most commonly seen in late fall in western US (survives best during droughts)

Lives in dry soil and manure and enters through wound and mucus membranes

TRANS: biting flies

Front 231

What are clinical signs of pigeon fever in horses?

Back 231

IM abscesses commonly on pectoral area and ventral part of abdomen

Sometimes internal abscesses

Front 232

How do you treat pigeon fever in horses?

Back 232

Drain and flush abscesses

+/- antibiotics

Pain control

Front 233

What CORE vaccines are given in the spring to horses?

Back 233

1. 5 way- EEE, WEE, Rhino, flu, tetanus

2. West nile

Front 234

What CORE vaccines are given in fall to horses?

Back 234

1. rhino

2. flu

Front 235

What disease is caused by air pollutants and dust?

Back 235

COPD

Front 236

How is a horse’s estrous cycle classified?

Back 236

Seasonally polyestrous

Front 237

What is the length of a horses estrous cycle?

Back 237

15-26 days

Front 238

When do mares being/end cycling?

Back 238

Mares begin cycling in late March or early April and continue until September or October

Front 239

What part of the horses estrous cycle is the period of follicular development in ovaries?

Back 239

proestrus

Front 240

Proestrus ends when _______ levels peak.

Back 240

estrogen

Front 241

During proestrus there is a Decrease in _____ hormone and increase in _____ hormone

Back 241

FSH, LH

Front 242

The period of sexual receptivity..

Back 242

estrus

Front 243

How long is the estrus period on a horse?

Back 243

5-7 days

Front 244

What is a sign that a mare is in the estrus phase of her cycle?

Back 244

Shown by mare teasing

Squats, urinates, lifts tail, “winks” on approach of stallion, decreased kicking, ear position forward, leaning toward stallion, and standing for stallion

Front 245

When does ovulation occur in a mare?

Back 245

last 48 hours of estrus phase

Front 246

________ hormone at its peak during ovulation

Back 246

LH

Front 247

corpus luteum develops - produces _________

Back 247

progesterone

Front 248

What stage of estrous does the corpus luteum develop?

Back 248

Metestrus

Front 249

What phase of estrous does corpus luteum reach full size?

Back 249

diestrus

Front 250

What phase of estrous does mare "tease out"?

Back 250

diestrus

Front 251

What do humans use artificial light while breeding?

Back 251

“Tricks” the mare into perceiving that days are lengthening

Start December 1st and is gradually increased until 16 hours of light is achieved per day

Artificial light should be added in the evening rather than morning

Breed when the “day is long”

Front 252

What is the age of female horses at puberty?

Back 252

10-24 months

Front 253

what is the common age to first breed a horse?

Back 253

2-3 yo

Front 254

What is the gestation period for a horse?

Back 254

305-365 days

average 340

Front 255

What is the common weaning age for a horse?

Back 255

4-7 months

Front 256

What is the purpose of a mare breeding soundness exam?

Back 256

Assess fertility (ability to support pregnancy)

Identify potential conditions that might interfere with successful breeding

Front 257

A(n) ____________ is the suturing of the upper lips of the vulva performed when abnormalities of the vulvar anatomy are present.

Back 257

Caslicks surgery

Front 258

What is the proper confirmation of a mare vulva?

Back 258

Labia should meet firmly and evenly

Should not slope more than 10 degrees

Front 259

Sloping perineum (“sunken anus”) causes:

Back 259

Air (pneumovagina – “windsucking”) and fecal material entering vagina and cause uterine infections which may lead to infertility

Front 260

What is the most important procedure in tx of pneumovagina and infertility caused by infection of genital tract.

Back 260

Caslicks surgery

Front 261

What is the Most accurate method for estrus detection in mare

Back 261

Ultrasound per rectum

Front 262

Most common cause of infertility is in a mare is ________

Back 262

METRITIS

Front 263

If a mare has had repeated, unsuccessful breedings or loss of embryo early in pregnancy, what is most likely the cause?

Back 263

metritis

Front 264

Why is the stallions scrotal circumference measured?

Back 264

Correlated with sperm production

Front 265

What is the preferred method of semen collection?

Back 265

artificial vagina (AV)

Front 266

What temperatures do artificial vaginas need to be for the stallion?

Back 266

Stallions very particular about temperature (113°F)

Front 267

Fresh semen must be used ___________

Back 267

immediately

Front 268

frozen semen is stored __________

Back 268

stored in 0.5-5.0ml straws in liquid nitrogen – must be thawed in warm water bath prior to use

Front 269

cooled semen stored ____________

Back 269

in plastic bags inside special insulated container – used within 24 hours

Front 270

What temperature must semen be kept at?

Back 270

37°C/98.6°F

Front 271

When ultra sounding the mare via rectum to determine estrous what do you look at?

Back 271

precise measurement of follicle size (ovulate when >35mm)

Front 272

At what day of pregnancy can you dx by palpation per rectum?

Back 272

18-21 days until day 90

Front 273

at what day of pregnancy can you dx by ultrasound?

Back 273

10-12 days

Front 274

When can you head the equine heart beat via ultrasound?

Back 274

4 weeks

Front 275

Development in foals critical in what stage of pregnancy?

Back 275

last 48 hours

Front 276

What are signs of impeding parturition in a mare?

Back 276

Udder enlarges 2-4 weeks before foaling

Teats may “wax” (Leakage and drying of colostrum around each teat)

Parturition often follow 24-48 hours after waxing is observed

Front 277

When do most foalings occur?

Back 277

80% of foalings occur at night

Front 278

What is stage 1 of parturition in mares?

Back 278

preparatory stage. Restless – pace, lie down then get up, roll, no interest in foodFoal getting into correct position

Front 279

How long does stage 1 of parturition last in a mare and when does it end?

Back 279

Lasts approximately 2-4 hours.

Ends with chorioallantois rupture “Water breaks”

Front 280

What is stage 2 of parturition in mares?

Back 280

Delivery of fetus

Water breaking signals start of stage 2 (several gallons of fluid)

Front 281

How long does active labor last in mare? when is it a problem?

Back 281

20-45 minutes of forceful pushing

(avg = 20, if >45 = PROBLEM!)

Front 282

What is stage 3 of parturition in a mare?

Back 282

Passage of placenta

Should take no longer than 3 hours

Front 283

T/F: if placenta is retained in the mare manual detachment should be done

Back 283

F.

Oxytocin therapy

Manual detachment should not be done

Risk of causing damage to uterus and hemorrhage

Front 284

What is "red bag"?

Back 284

PREMATURE PLACENTAL SEPERATION

Front 285

What is the Most common reason for dystocia?

Back 285

abnormal fetal presentation

Front 286

What must you do for "red bag"?

Back 286

Must be opened quickly and delivery assisted or foal will die

Front 287

What are 3 primary methods to treat dystocia in mares?

Back 287

1. mutation and deliver by traction

2. fetotomy

3. c section

Front 288

What is the Most common and always first method attempted in dystocia in a mare?

Back 288

Mutation and delivery by traction

Front 289

What is metritis?

Back 289

infection of uterus

Usually sequela to retained placenta or contamination during obstetric procedures

Can lead to septicemia and laminitis

Front 290

What is the neonatal period in a foal?

Back 290

first 4-5 days of life

Front 291

When should a foal be standing and nursing?

Back 291

Foal should be standing within 1-2 hrs and nursing within 2-4 hours

Front 292

Normal temp of a foal?

Back 292

Normal is 99-101.5

Front 293

Neonatal foals highly sensitive to __________

Back 293

hypothermia

Front 294

How is the umbilical cord cut?

Back 294

Cord breaks naturally when mare stands

Typically 1-2 inches from foal’s abdomen

Front 295

How should you care for the umbilical cord the first week of life?

Back 295

DIP in antiseptic solution (dilute betadine)

Continue to dip 2-3 times daily for 1st week of life

Front 296

What is Persistent PATENT urachus?

Back 296

Urine from umbilicus and urethra 48 hours after birth

Front 297

How do you fix persistent patient urachus?

Back 297

cauterize or surgical ligation

Front 298

When is suckling reflex present in a foal?

Back 298

~5 minutes after birth, asses by sticking fingers in mouth

Front 299

How often should you feed if supplement nursing a foal?

Back 299

Must feed q 1-2 hrs first week, then 3-6 hours 2nd week

Front 300

What is the leading cause of Colic in neonatal foal

Back 300

>24 hours impaction- not passing the meconium

Front 301

Foals get no passive transfer of immunity across placenta, they only get it from ________

Back 301

colostrum

Front 302

The foal must get sufficient quantities of colostrum in first _____ hours of life

Back 302

18

Front 303

It is important to measure the_____ antibody in a foal's blood to ensure adequacy of passive transfer.

Back 303

IgG

Front 304

How much colostrum does an average foal need?

Back 304

2-3 L

Front 305

How much IgG should the mares colostrum contain?

Back 305

50g/L

Front 306

The most common cause of neonatal bacterial septicemia in foals is:

Back 306

failure of passive transfer (no colostrum)

Front 307

Why can't a foal have colostrum after 18 hours of life?

Back 307

Intestines lose ability to absorb large proteins

Front 308

What is Machinery murmur in a foal a sign of?

Back 308

(PDA) should disappear by 4-7 days

Front 309

Define Valgus in terms of leg deformities:

Back 309

legs appear crooked away from midline

Front 310

Define Varus in terms of leg deformities:

Back 310

Legs appear crooked – toward midline

Front 311

What are two flexural deformities in a foal?

Back 311

Dropped ankle = hyperextended fetlock

Contracted tendons = post-legged

Front 312

What is “Dysmature”?

Back 312

despite normal gestation foal show signs of prematurity

Front 313

What are the landmarks for IM injection in the neck of a horse?

Back 313

Triangular spaced bordered dorsally by jugular groove, ventrally by crest of neck, and about hand’s width in front of cranial border of scapula

Front 314

What are 4 spots of IM injection in a horse?

Back 314

Lateral cervical (neck)

Semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles

Pectoral muscles

Gluteal muscles

Front 315

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY IS:

Back 315

Produce the most product of the highest quality and produce it with the least amount of cost

You must be PROFITABLE

Front 316

What is the milking procedure for a dairy cow?

Back 316

Wash and dip teats, apply teat cups, run machine, dip teats again, sanitize teat cups

Front 317

How much product (butter and cheese) do dairy cows produce a year?

Back 317

2300 gallons of milk per year

Front 318

How much product (milk and cheese) do goats produce a year?

Back 318

average 280 gallons of milk per year (1-2 gallons per day)

Front 319

What is the housing for dairy cows?

Back 319

Free stall barns

Dry lots or pastures

Front 320

What is the housing for beef cattle?

Back 320

Pasture - Requires water and shelter (trees)

DRY lot (feedlots)

Front 321

4 types of pork production systems:

Back 321

1. farrowing- breeding

2. growing/nursery facility

3. finishing (fed until market weight)

4. farrow to finish facility (all phases)

Front 322

How are swine housed?

Back 322

most in confinement

Front 323

What is housing for sheep?

Back 323

Pasture and lambing barns

predators are biggest challenge

Front 324

What is wool from?

Back 324

sheep

Front 325

What is mohair from?

Back 325

goat

Front 326

What is fleece from?

Back 326

alpaca/llamas

Front 327

How should you restrain a sheep?

Back 327

May back into corner and straddle between legs by squeezing shoulders and controlling head with hands

"setting up"- Sits sheep on its rump

Front 328

T/F: Camelid Males do not tend to be more aggressive than females

Back 328

T

Front 329

What is only real defense of swine?

Back 329

biting

Front 330

Where is a hog snare used on a pig?

Back 330

Only used on the top jaw

Front 331

Where is a panel tag placed for ID?

Back 331

Placed in middle 1/3 of ear

Common in cattle, swine, sheep, and goats

Front 332

What is placed on heifers vaccinated for brucellosis (bangs vaccine)

Back 332

metal clips

Front 333

What type of ID is used in farm animals for heat detection, pregnancy checking, or IDs needed for short periods of time?

Back 333

temporary marking paint

Front 334

What species is ear notching most commonly performed?

Back 334

pigs

Front 335

How does hot branding work?

Back 335

Hot branding kills the hair follicles to produce a scar

Front 336

How does freeze branding work?

Back 336

Destroys melanocytes (hair pigment), not hair follicles - turns hairs white

Front 337

T/F: As much as 90% of health-related disease in large animals can be related to improper nutrition

Back 337

T

Front 338

What part of the ruminant stomach is "honeycomb"

Back 338

reticulum

Front 339

What is rumination

Back 339

Rumination- chewing of cud.

Front 340

What is eructation?

Back 340

belching

Front 341

What is fermentation and where does it occur?

Back 341

microbes breaking down nutrients. by product is gas.

mostly takes place in the rumen along with reticulum

Front 342

What is cattle dental formula?

Back 342

2[ I0/3, C0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3]

Front 343

What is bovines primary energy source?

Back 343

carbs

Front 344

What is silage and who can it be fed to?

Back 344

fermented, high-moisture stored feed which can be fed to ruminants- do not feed silage to horses.

Front 345

Quality_________ is essential to productivity and profitability of dairy cattle

Back 345

forage/roughage

Front 346

Protein in beef cow rations come primarily from the________ in the diet

Back 346

forage

Front 347

For bovine, The best way to evaluate your feeding program is ____________

Back 347

by looking at the animals themselves. body conditioning score.

Front 348

What is BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA (BVD)?

Back 348

an infectious pestivirus.

Front 349

What does BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA (BVD) cause?

Back 349

Causes GI, respiratory, and reproductive problems

Front 350

When do bovine contract BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA (BVD)?

Back 350

Cattle infected in utero

Will be continuous carries and shed virus if survive pregnancy (most don't survive)

Front 351

Clinical signs of bovine virus diarrhea?

Back 351

Abortion, stillbirth, ataxia, inability to nurse, tremors, lack of appetite, diarrhea, fever, lethargy

Front 352

Is there a treatment for bovine virus diarrhea?

Back 352

No. slaughter carrier animal

Front 353

JOHNE'S DZ (PRONOUNCED YO-NUHZ) is also known as _____________

Back 353

paratuberculosis

Front 354

How is Johne's Dz transmitted?

Back 354

via fecal-oral route, across placenta, and via milk

Front 355

What is the treatment for Johne's Dz?

Back 355

None, slaughter animal.

Front 356

Is there a vaccine for Johne's dz?

Back 356

No. Testing for bacteria should be performed every 6 months. Good hygiene. Pasteurization of colostrum. Purchase cattle only from herds certified as free of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Front 357

What is another name for Roman tympany?

Back 357

Bloat

Front 358

What is Ruman Tympany?

Back 358

Abnormal ruminal distension with gas

-Fermentation and eructation

Front 359

What is the difference between frothy bloat and gas bloat?

Back 359

In frothy bloat, Foam develops on top of rumen contents and blocks eructation. Gas bloat is due to an obstruction that blocks gas release.

Front 360

What side is distended in cattle with bloat?

Back 360

left

Front 361

_________ is also known as hardware dz

Back 361

TRAUMATIC RETUCLOPERITONITIS

Front 362

What is TRAUMATIC RETUCLOPERITONITIS caused by?

Back 362

Caused by consumption of foreign body

Often heavy, metal, and sharp

Front 363

With hardware disease where does metal end up?

Back 363

reticulum

Front 364

What is Withers test and what does it test for?

Back 364

Withers test: apply pressure to backbone just above withers – grunting = positive results

hardware dz in ruminants

Front 365

What is BOVINE RESPIRATORY DZ COMPLEX (BRD) caused by?

Back 365

Caused by stress, crowding, poor ventilation, dust, transport, comingling

Involves many bacteria and viruses

Front 366

In Bovine Respiratory Dz Comlpex _______ infection occurs first followed by ________ infection which causes pneumonia.

Back 366

viral, bacterial

Front 367

The causative agent of INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITITS (IBR) is:

Back 367

Bovine herpes virus I

Front 368

INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITITS (IBR) is spread via

Back 368

direct contact with nasal secretion; can also be spread by bulls mating (virus can be present in genitals)

Front 369

What is causative agent of BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (BRSV)?

Back 369

RNA virus of the paramyxovirus family

Front 370

Which ruminant disease replicates in lower respiratory tract and predisposed lungs to secondary bacterial infection?

Back 370

BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (BRSV)

Front 371

SHIPPING FEVER is Also known as _______

Back 371

PASTEURELLOSIS

Front 372

Which disease is caused by gram negative bacteria that are normal flora of upper respiratory system and become overabundant after stress or viral infection?

Back 372

shipping fever (PASTEURELLOSIS)

Front 373

What ruminant disease is Caused by: Bacillus anthracis?

Back 373

anthrax

Front 374

who can anthrax affect?

Back 374

Affects ALL warm blooded animals

Front 375

What is the main clinical sign of anthrax?

Back 375

Sudden death with no rigor mortis,

Front 376

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) Commonly referred to as __________

Back 376

“MAD COW Disease”

Front 377

Neurological disorder caused by infection of a PRION (abnormal protein that acts like a virus)

Back 377

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) (mad cow)

Front 378

_________ also known as PINK EYE in bovine

Back 378

INFECTIOUS BOVINE KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (IBV)

Front 379

Most common ocular disease in cattle

Back 379

INFECTIOUS BOVINE KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (IBV)

Front 380

This dz is caused by Caused by Moraxella bovis.

Back 380

INFECTIOUS BOVINE KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (IBV)

Front 381

Infection of interdigital skin and underlying tissues in cattle, sheep, and goats:

Back 381

FOOT ROT

Front 382

This is a common, very contagious dz in cattle, sheep, and goat that occurs in wet muddy conditions.

Back 382

Foot rot

Front 383

Zinc sulfate foot baths for cattle prevent what?

Back 383

foot rot

Front 384

how do cattle contract lepto?

Back 384

Infected via contaminated drinking water or direct contact of body secretions (milk, urine, afterbirth)

Front 385

_________ is aBacterial VENEREAL disease caused by Campylobacter

Back 385

VIBRIOSIS

Front 386

How is Vibriosis transmitted?

Back 386

Spread via infected bulls during mating and from dam to calf in uteroSeen in cattle, sheep, and goats

Front 387

What is biosecurity?

Back 387

Set of MANAGEMENT practices that greatly protect herd from being exposed to new diseases or decreases spread of disease within a herd

Front 388

Calves vaccinated for :

Back 388

Clostridial diseases (7 or 8 way), 4 way viral vaccine (IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI3), Brucellosis (replacement heifers)

Front 389

Heifers and cows vaccinated for:

Back 389

Clostridial 7 or 8 way way, 4 way viral, leptospirosis (5 way), vibriosis

Front 390

T/F: Proestrus is the period of follicular development in the ovary which is stimulated by FSH from the anterior pituitary gland.

Back 390

T

Front 391

T/F: Estrus is the period of sexual receptivity that begins with ovulation when LH is at its peak.

Back 391

F

Front 392

T/F: Metestrus is the period in which the corpus luteum develops and produces estrogen.

Back 392

F

Front 393

T/F: Diestrus is the period of non-cycling.

Back 393

F

Front 394

DESCRIBE the veterinary technician's role in preparing a mare for a reproductive exam.

Back 394

The tail must be wrapped so that no hair can contaminate the site and then the tail is tied or held to the side. The perineal area must be washed with soap or detergent

Front 395

Which of the following is false regarding thrush?A) It is a bacterial infection of the sulci of the frog.

B) Treatment involves cleaning the hoof and applying a topical astringent such as iodine.

C) Clinical signs include smelly, black discharge from the frog sulci, as well as mild to severe lameness.

D) Thrush is usually found in horses kept in wet conditions.

Back 395

C) Clinical signs include smelly, black discharge from the frog sulci, as well as mild to severe lameness.

Front 396

T/F: When restraining a foal it is important to remove the mare from the immediate area.

Back 396

F

Front 397

______ must be fed in small mouths since horses produce a limited amount of amylase

Back 397

starch

Front 398

sharp points in the horse develop on the :

Back 398

lingual aspect of mandible and buccal aspect of the maxilla

Front 399

sharp hooks develop on

Back 399

rostral aspect of the PM of the maxilla and caudal aspect of the PM on the manidble

Front 400

Timothy hay is a legume that is lower in protein and calcium than alfalfa hay-

Back 400

FALSE - - Timothy hay, Bermuda is a grass hay - depends on where you live- lower in protein and calcium

Front 401

PSUEDORABIES is Also known as

Back 401

“Aujesky disease” and “Mad-itch”

Front 402

what causes Cyanosis of ears, vulva, tail, abdomen, and snout in swine?

Back 402

PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (PRRS)

Front 403

TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS is referred to as ______________

Back 403

winter time dz

Front 404

Who does TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS affect?

Back 404

swine

Front 405

Most common and important cause of infectious infertility in swine

Back 405

PORCINE PARVOVIRUS

Front 406

2 most common serovars found in swine

Back 406

Leptospira pomona

Leptospira bratislava

Front 407

TPR for pig

Back 407

Temperature101º to 103.5º F

Pulse rate60 to 90 per minute;

Respiration rate10 to 24 per minute;

Front 408

Piglets can be restrained by

Back 408

holding by rear legs

Front 409

What is best site for IM injection in swine?

Back 409

cervical neck muscle

Front 410

What type of estrous cycle to pigs have?

Back 410

Nonseasonally polyestrous – all year

Front 411

When to pigs ovulate?

Back 411

40 to 46 hours after the beginning of estrus

Front 412

Gestation of pig

Back 412

114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)

Front 413

What type of placenta do pigs have?

Back 413

diffuse

Front 414

What is Lordosis response in swine?

Back 414

during male mounting or when back pressure is applied resulting in a rigid stance and erect ears (“Popping the ears”)

Front 415

What parturition in swine called?

Back 415

farrowing

Front 416

How long does delivery take in swine?

Back 416

all delivered in 3-4 hours

Front 417

Stage 3 of farrowing is complete within ___ hours

Back 417

4

Front 418

T/F: Retained placentas are uncommon in swine

Back 418

T

Front 419

T/F: End of parturition is signaled by sow standing and urinating, followed by lying down to allow nursing

Back 419

T

Front 420

Most common cause of dystocia in swine:

Back 420

Uterine inertia

Obstruction of birth canal

Front 421

Most common causes of neonate death in swine :

Back 421

Crushed by sow

Starvation from failing to nurse

Hypothermia

Front 422

What do neonate piglets need done in the first 1-2 days of life?

Back 422

Iron Dextran injection

Clipping needle teeth

Tail docking

Ear notching/tattooing

Front 423

What does iron dextran injection prevent

Back 423

Prevents “baby pig thumps”

Sow’s milk naturally low in iron

Front 424

piglets tails should be cut ______ inch from base

Back 424

½ to 1

Rectal prolapse may occur if cut too short

Front 425

Most common method for identifying swine

Back 425

ear notching

Front 426

Needle teeth are:

Back 426

deciduous I3 and canine teeth

- No closer than 1-2 mm to gumline

Front 427

Cattle have why type of estrous cycle?

Back 427

polyestrous

Front 428

Gestation period of cattle

Back 428

9 months (283 days)

Front 429

How soon can pregnancy be dx by palpation?

Back 429

Rectal palpation- 30 days gestation

Front 430

Fetal sexing of cattle can be done at

Back 430

between 55-70 days

Front 431

Bovine have what type of placenta?

Back 431

cotyledonary

Front 432

Maternal caruncle (on uterine side) and fetal cotyledon (on placenta) they tightly attach to each other and causes what?

Back 432

retained placenta

Front 433

What are the most obvious signs of impeding parturition of cattle?

Back 433

Softening of muscles and ligaments of backend and tail head (caused by relaxin)

Front 434

How long does stage 1 of parturition in cattle take?

Back 434

Lasts around 6 hours (Can be up to 24 hrs) ----- much longer then horses (2-4 hours in horses)

Front 435

How long does stage 2 of parturition in horses take?

Back 435

Avg 2-4 hours (Can take up to 6-12 hours) ---- horses are about 20 minutes (>45 is a problem)

Front 436

How long does the delivery of placenta take in cattle?

Back 436

Take 4-6 hours ---- horses have retained placenta >3 hours

Up to 12 hours is not uncommon

If placenta not passed in 12-18 hours, veterinarian should be consulted

Front 437

What are three primary methods for treating dystocia in cattle?

Back 437

mutation / traction- OB chain and handles

fetotomy- giggly wire

c section-

Front 438

Most common device used to increase traction and leverage in cow

Back 438

Calf jack or puller