Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
D = GXL (Distance elev. = gradient x length) G = D/L (gradient = distance elev. / length) L = D/G (Length = distance elev. / gradient) |
|
|
One Acre |
43,560 SF |
|
|
One Square Mile |
640 Acres |
|
|
One Mile |
5,280 Feet |
|
|
Q = CiA |
Flow Calculations: Q = Peak Runoff in cubic ft./sec C = Runoff Coefficient pervious to impervious i = Intensity A = Area |
|
|
Expansion Joint - Materials, depth, purpose |
|
|
Stair Tread Details: Opening in Riser no more than 4" dia. 10" min. tread width Max. rise 7.75" Max. Nosing .75 - 1.25" |
|
|
Notched Deck Stringer |
|
|
Solid Deck Stringer - only on outside of stairs |
|
|
0 to 1% slopes |
flat - poor drainage, suitable for buildings, play fields/sports |
|
|
3% to 5% slopes |
generally acceptable for structures, play areas/fields |
|
|
6% to 15% slopes |
Okay for some structures, some free play activities |
|
|
15% and greater slopes |
generally not suitable for building |
|
|
Survey Bearings |
|
|
|
Survey Azimuth |
|
|
|
Soils Sheet Pile vs. Cassions |
Sheet Piles are typically steel, driven to bedrock or suitable bearing soil Cassions are drilled holes filled with concrete to bedrock or suitable bearing soil |
|
|
Soil Phase Diagram - Soil Mechanics Volume of Soil = Vs + Vv Volume of Voids = Vw+Va Weight of Soil = Ws + Ww |
|
|
|
Two Soil Classification systems Landscape Architects should be familiar with |
1. USDA Textural Classification System 2. Unified Soil Classification System (per ASTM) |
|
|
Soil grain size classifications |
cobble gravel sand silt clay |
|
|
Fine-grained soils Vs. Coarse-grained soils |
Fine-grained 50% or more pass through No. 200 sieve Coarse-grained 50% or more are retained on No. 200 sieve - Sands (50% or more of coarse-grain pass a No. 400 sieve) - Gravel (50% or more of coarse-grain retained in a No. 400 sieve) |
|
|
Atterberg Limits |
Limits between four states of soil consistency - solid "shrinkage limit" - semi-solid "platstic limit" (PL) - plastic "liquid limit" (LL) - liquid |
|
|
Diffrence between liquid limit and plastic limit |
Plasticity Index (PI) PI = LL-PL |
|
|
Shear Strength |
Determines the stability of a soil and its ability to resist failure under loading. Care must be taken when contructing at the top or bottom of a large slope and attention to handling stormwater |
|
|
Four general phases to earthwork activity during a construction project |
1. Site Preparation 2. Bulk excavation 3. Backfilling/fine grading 4. Finish Surfacing |
|
|
Four areas of concern in preparing a site for grading |
1. Protect existing vegetation 2. Removal & storage of topsoil 3. Erosion & sediment control 4. Clearing/grubbing & demolition |
|
|
Three Methods for Calculating Cut & Fill |
1. Average End Area Method - avg. area of section x length of corridor 2. Contour Area Method - Volume = (ht. between contours) x (total area of all cut and fill pieces) 3. Borrow Pit/Grid Method |
|
|
Factors for Erosion Potential |
Topogaphy, soil, precipitation, vegetation |
|
|
Types of drainage structures |
Catch Basin Manhole Area Drain Drain Inlet Trench Drain |
|
|
Three basic functions of storm drainage system |
1. Collect 2. Convey 3. Dispose |
|
|
Calculating Board Feet |
Board Feet = (Width X Thickness X Length)/ 144 Example: 12, 2"x4" X 8' boards = 64 board feet |
|
|
Footcandle equation |
fc = (lumens) / Area sf. example: 40 footcandles = 40,000 lumens / 1,000 sf |
|
|
Simple Horizontal Curve: Point of Curvature (PC) Point of Tangency (PT) Point of Intersection (PI) Included Angle (I) Tangent Distance (T) Radius (R) Length of Curve (L) Chord (C) Center of Curve (O) |
|
|
|
Layers of Soil, Ideal Soil Profile |
O Horizon - Organic material, not considered soil A Horizon - Topsoil: major root zone most plants B Horizon - Subsoil: added root volume, nutrient and water storage C Horizon - substratum/parent material: contributes to deep rooting and storage volume R Horizon- Bedrock: consolidated material |
|
|
Admixture examples for Concrete |
Liquids added during batching: 1. Adjust setting time 2. Reduce water demand 3. Increase workability 4. Intentionally entertain air 5. Adjust other fresh or hardened concrete properties |
|
|
Mortar |
Cement + Lime + Sand Used in masonry, stonework etc. |
|
|
Grout |
Cement + Sand + small aggregate Workable for tile, more common indoors |
|
|
Cement |
Basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, and grout - binding agent. Made of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. |
|
|
Concrete |
Mixture of cement + sand + water + agreggates |
|
|
Asphalt or asphaltic concrete |
Made of heated aggregate + asphaltic cement (derrived from petroleum) |
|
|
Hydration |
Chemical process of cement + water |
|
|
Curing |
Strong influence on the properties of concrete. After 7 days it's 50% stronger. Takes 28 days for conc. to fully cure Methods for Curing: - Ponding, immersion, saturated wet coverings - Impervious cover retains moisture - Heat + moisture accelerates strength gain (steam, heating pads or coils) |
|
|
Liquid Membrane Curing Compound |
- Retards or reduces evaporation of water - Waxes, resins, cholorinated rubber |
|
|
Sealing compound |
Applied after concrete is cured, liquid applied to the surface to reduce penetration of liquids such as deicing solutions. |
|
|
General use concrete compressive strength |
Between 3,000-6,000 psi |
|
|
Preventative measures for cold temp concreting |
- Use high-early strength concerete. Heaters, blankets etc. Using air-entrained concrete will help it resist freeze-thaw and be more durable in cold climate |
|
|
Preventative measures for hot temp concreting
|
Using a retardant, reduce moisture loss. Fog spray regularly, water subgrade thoroughly before pouring it. Keep forms on as long as possible. Temp sun shades/wind breaks, cover in platstic to retain moisture |
|
|
Types of Portland Cement |
Type I: Normal Type II: Moderate sulfate resistance Type III: High Early Strength Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration Type V: High sulfate resistance |
|
|
Types of hydraulic cement |
Type GU: General Use Type HE: High Early Strength Type MS: Moderate sulfate resistance Type HS: High sulfate resistance Type MH: Moderate heat of hydration Type LH: Low heat of hydration |
|
|
List of various types of concrete admixtures |
- Air-entraining - Water-reducing - Plasticizers - Accelerating Admixutres - Retarding Admixtures - Hydration-control - Corrosion inhibitors - Shrinkage reducers - Alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors - Coloring Admixtures - Workability, bonding, grouting, etc. |
|
|
Bleeding Concrete |
Bleeding is when water rises out of wet concrete to the surface. It is important not to finish concrete while there is water bleed, this increases the cement-water ratio and compromises strenth. |
|
|
Mortar & Grout |
Primarily used as bonding agents between masonry materials. Consist of cement, sand/fine aggregates, & Water. Mortar = Stick materials together (CMUs together, Tiles to a cement board etc.) Grout = More fluid, a fill material (i.e. tile, or inside CMU) |
|
|
Types of Mortar Joints |
Concave Vee Flush Rakes Extruded Beaded Struck Weathered |
|
|
Names of brick positions in walls |
|
|
|
Bimetallic corrosion (galvanic corrosion) and three ways to avoid |
Corrosion as a result of electrical reaction from two different metals in contact with one another. 1. Using the same or similar metal nobility 2. Coating metal in corrosive resistant material (i.e. galvanized metal) 3. Use insulator to separate the materials (rubber gaskets) |
|
|
Types/techniques of Welds |
- Flux Welding (blacksmith hammers together) - Arc Welding (most common, controlled envt) - Gas Welding (replaces arc welding in field) - Spot Welding (common 'fix-it' solutions) - Soldering (low melting-point to seal joints) Two most common structural welds: Groove & Fillet Lesser used: Slot and Plug, and flare welds |
|
|
Stair Formula for risers & treads |
2R + T = 24"=26" |
|
|
Angle of inclination for stairs |
Between 13 degrees and 30 degrees. 50 degree maximum |
|
|
STAIRS Maximum projection for stair tread Maximum treatment of nosing Maximum shadown line treatment Railing at top and bottom of stair dims Distance between risers and landing |
- 1/2" overhang - 45 degree bevel or 1/2" radius - 1-1/2" from face of riser to nosing - Top: 12" from nosing, Bottom: 12" + tread - 9-11 stairs before a landing, 5' distance |
|
|
Curb Ramp Requirements |
- Max Slope of 1:12 or 8.33% - Max Slope Exception: can be 12% if running area is 3' or less. - Flared Sides 1:12 or 10% - 48" min. clear level landing area - Parallel curb ramps: 1:12 flares, 48-60" landing https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/buildings-and-sites/about-the-ada-standards/guide-to-the-ada-standards/chapter-4-ramps-and-curb-ramps |
|
|
Retaing Wall Types |
|
|
|
ACI reccommendation for minimum wind load on freestanding wall |
5 lbs/sf standard, some codes require 20 lbs/sf |
|
|
Types of lumber defects |
|
|
|
Direct stress formula |
A = P/F A - Required area of footing P - vertical load on the footing (lb/ft) F - allowable bearing pressure |
|
|
Square miles in a township |
36 |
|
|
One square mile |
640 acres |
|
|
One acre |
43,560 square feet |
|
|
Number of feet in One mile |
5,280 feet |
|
|
Bearing Capacity of soil & example |
Capacity of soil to support loads applied Example: point load of 6 tons can be accommodated with bearing capacity of 2000 lbs./sf with footing of 6sf Tonnage(lbs) / Bearing Capacity (lbs/sf) = size of footing (sf) necessary to support |
|
|
Two types of framing for decks |
1. Platform Framing: Post, Beams, Joists, decking 2. Plank-and-Beam Framing: Posts, beams, decking |
|
|
Sizes for decking |
- Min 1" nominal thickness, 2" is common - 1/8" gap between boards for expansion - Decking should be less than 6" wide |
|
|
Sizes & best practices for joists |
- Typically spaced 16-24" apart (sometimes 12") - Bridging or cross-bracing is sometimes used - Minimize bolts along the "line of max. shear" (2/3 down the board, 1/3 up between compression and tension forces) |
|
|
Spacing for beams |
Platform Framing: Typically 8'-16' spacing Plank & Beam Framing: Typically 6'-8' spacing |
|
|
LIst and describe the 5 types of common beams |
1. Simple Beam: rests on support each end 2. Centilevered Beam: suppored at one end only 3. Overhanging Beam: projects beyond sides 4. Continuous Beam: rests on 3 or more supports 5. Fixed Beam: fixed at both ends (i.e. ledger to ledger) |
|
|
Name various deck components |
|
|
|
Typical Live Loads for: Residential Deck Public Deck Foot Bridge Vehicular Bridge |
- Residential Deck: 40-60 lbs/sf - Public Deck: 80-100 lbs/sf - Foot Bridge: 100 lbs/sf - Vehicular Bridge: 200-300 lbs/sf |
|
|
Joist Cantilever principal wood decks |
Total Joist Length (TL) = 3/4 TL span from ledger board to beam, 1/4 max. cantilever beyond the beam |
|
|
Retaining wall loading max. surcharge |
All walls will allow a 2' surcharge without danger of overturning except for timber or crib walls |
|
|
Expansion joint spacing for retaining walls |
Every 30' or less |
|
|
Max soil bearing pressure assumption for retaining walls |
1.5 tons/sf |
|
|
Strength typical for concrete and steel reinforcement in retaining walls |
Concrete: 2,500 psi Tensile strength steel reinforcement: 24,000 lbs |
|
|
Type A, B, and C examples for reinforced embankments |
Type A: geotextile, rip-rap, turf, concrete surface Type B: Flexible structures, i.e. interlocking blocks, crbbing, tie-back, timber walls Type C: Rigid walls, cantilever, gravity, reinforced concrete |
|
|
Typical batter for retaining walls |
6:1 for flexible construction walls (i.e. gabion, interlocking, CMU walls) 12:1 for rigid construction |
|
|
Formula to determine distance between contours for cross slope (Df) |
Df = Cross Slope x Width / longitudinal slope example: .02(12') / .05 = 4.8' between contours |
