Lare Section 2 (Second Set) - 2013

Front 1

Primary siting concern for water/waste water treatment plans.

Back 1

Soil

Front 2

4 points to consider when creating a site inventory in terms of hydrology:

Back 2

- Water movement
- Infiltration
- Storage
- Discharge

Front 3

5 points to consider when creating a site inventory in terms of soil:

Back 3

- pH
- Permeability
- Erosion potential
- Depth to bedrock
- Depth to seasonally high water table

Front 4

For estimating purposes, "blank" square feet per car can be used to estimate the area needed for parking stalls, isles, and a reasonable amount of landscaping and lighting.

Back 4

325

Front 5

Required distance between 2 low volume collector streets intersecting the same road.

Back 5

125'

Front 6

Required distance between 2 high volume collector streets intersecting the same road.

Back 6

350'

Front 7

Acceptable slope for bicycle riders for extreme distances.

Back 7

2-3%

Front 8

Width of a one-way bicycle lane.

Back 8

6' (Class II and III)

Front 9

Width of a two-way bicycle lane.

Back 9

10' (Class I)

Front 10

Typical pedestrian spatial bubble at public events.

Back 10

6'

Front 11

Typical pedestrian spatial bubble at shopping centres.

Back 11

9-12'

Front 12

Typical pedestrian spatial bubble on a normal walk.

Back 12

15-18'

Front 13

Typical pedestrian spatial bubble on a pleasure walk.

Back 13

35' or more

Front 14

Average walking distance 50% of pedestrians will not walk further than?

Back 14

700'

Front 15

Pedestrian cone of vision

Back 15

Centered vertically at eye level and moves up and down by 30 degrees.

Front 16

Walkway width that is adequate for average pedestrian flow.

Back 16

4-6'

Front 17

Formula to calculate walkway width.

Back 17

Width = V(M)/S

V = volume; pedestrians per minute
M = density or space module; square feet per person
S = walking speed; feet per minute

Front 18

Pedestrians generally prefer risers no less than "blank" and no greater than "blank" on outdoor stairways.

Back 18

4" and 7"

Front 19

An act which locally established ordinances which allow the city to coordinate lot design, street pattern, drainage and sewer collection systems as dictated by the cities development plan.

Back 19

Subdivisions Map Act

Front 20

The largest mineral particle of the soil seperates. It is characterized by large pore space allowing good aeration and rapid passage of water.

Back 20

Sand

Front 21

The intermediate-sized mineral particle of the soil separates.

Back 21

Silt

Front 22

The smallest mineral particle of the soil separates. It is characterized by slow drainage and poor aeration but has the best nutrient holding capacity of all the soil separates.

Back 22

Clay

Front 23

Generally a fertile and easily manageable soil consisting principally of sand (+/- 40%) and silt (+/-40%) particles with some clay (+/-20%)

Back 23

Loam

Front 24

Complete fertilizer contains which nutrients?

Back 24

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

Front 25

Simple fertilizer contains which nutrients?

Back 25

1 of 3 (nitrogen, potassium, phos)

Front 26

Primary plant nutrients?

Back 26

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

Front 27

Secondary plant nutrients?

Back 27

Calcium, magnesium, sulfur

Front 28

When this nutrient is in short supply, newer plant growth is generally given priority by the plant and thus symptoms, particularly chiorosis (yellow, green colour), are usually first noticeable in older growth.

Back 28

Nitrogen

Front 29

Symptoms of deficiency of this nutrient are slow or stunted growth, delayed maturity, and poor flower or fruit development.

Back 29

Phosphorus
- Stimulates early root growth, plant maturity, and promotes flower and fruit production
- Should be applied near the root for effectiveness

Front 30

Symptoms of deficiency in this nutrient are tip and marginal burn starting on more mature leaves, weak stalks, poor flower or fruit development, and slow growth.

Back 30

Potassium
- Stimulates root growth, aids in disease resistance, and improves flower and fruit production
- Apply near roots

Front 31

Essential nutrient for cell formation and structure.

Back 31

Calcium

Front 32

Essential nutrient for photosynthesis

Back 32

Magnesium

Front 33

Essential nutrient for protein synthesis

Back 33

Sulfur

Front 34

Organic chemicals used to form strong bonds with nutrient metals.

Back 34

Chelates
- Used in fertilizers are soluble and help keep nutirent metals mobile in the soil, thus aiding in availability to plants. Chelated iron is commonly used in treatment of iron chiorosis

Front 35

3 classes of soil ammendments:

Back 35

1- Chemical (gypsum, lime, sulfur, and others)
2- Minerals (perlite, vermiculite, sand)
3- Organic (humus, peat moss, manure, etc.)

Front 36

Decomposed organic matter which can aid in flocculating clay soils and help increase water holding capacity and fertility of sandy soils.

Back 36

Humus

Front 37

Refers to chemical amendment composed of calcium. Used to raise pH of overly acid soils, and to improve some clay soils by causing clay particles to bind together into larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.

Back 37

Lime

Front 38

Refers to chemical amendment composed of calcium ad sulfur. Used to improve some clay soils by causing clay particles to bind together into larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.

Back 38

Gypsum

Front 39

A condition, usually due to iron deficiency, in which the body of the leaf is paler or more yellow than normal while the veins remain green. The soil may lack iron, but it is more common that the iron is 'tied up' and unavailable to the roots. Over watering and lack of aeration may cause both the body and the veins of the leaf to turn yellow.

Back 39

Chlorosis

Front 40

Refers to solutions which when applied to leaves partially seals the transpiring surfaces and reduces water loss. This may be used on container plants to minimize wilting and stress following planting or in prep of leafy cuttings for rooting.

Back 40

Antidessicant

Front 41

Tree or shrub trained so branching structure is emphasized and directed in a flat pattern against a wall, fence, etc.

Back 41

Espalier

Front 42

Training of shrub or tree branching structure in an interwoven pattern. May result in a vertical hedge-type form or, in the case of trees, an overhead natural arbour.

Back 42

Pleaching

Front 43

Sever pruning of major deciduous tree limbs each dormant season to create large knobby core of branching structure.

Back 43

Pollarding

Front 44

One method of plant propagation, often used to combine favourable rooting characteristics of one species with another.

Back 44

Grafting

Front 45

Composed of the cells actively or potentially involved in cell division or growth.

Back 45

Meristematic Tissue

Front 46

The water conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.

Back 46

Xylem

Front 47

The food conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.

Back 47

Phloem

Front 48

Type of nursery stock that includes mostly shade, flowering fruit and nut trees which are used for grafting and budding. Sized generally by caliper.

Back 48

Understock

Front 49

Type of nursery stock that includes forest, game refuge, erosion control, or shelterbelt plantings under natural conditions.

Back 49

Seedling trees and shrubs

Front 50

The moisture content of living and dead plant material as it influences flammability and fire behaviour.

Back 50

Fuel moisture

Front 51

The amount of plant material per unit area as it influences flammability and fire behaviour.

Back 51

Fuel loading

Front 52

In relation to plant material, this refers to the differences in fuel volume, inherent flammability characteristics of a plant, and the ease spread of fire.

Back 52

Fire retardant

Front 53

Relative to fire safety this refers to the direct transfer of heat by objects touching each other.

Back 53

Conduction

Front 54

Relative to fire safety, this refers to the transfer of heat by atmospheric currents.

Back 54

Convection

Front 55

Relative to fire safety this refers to the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves and can travel against the forces of wind.

Back 55

Radiation

Front 56

The water-repellent characteristic of certain soils.

Back 56

Hydrophobic

Front 57

A type of erosion which generally occurs when soils on slopes become saturated with water.

Back 57

Landslides

Front 58

A type of erosion which generally occurs on steep slopes lacking vegetative cover.

Back 58

Dry creep

Front 59

A type of erosion similar to landslides, but of a lesser magnitude.

Back 59

Soil slippage

Front 60

Movement in history:
- nature is for pleasure/enjoyment
- landscape gardening develops, public parks, etc.

Back 60

Romantic movement (18-19 century)

Front 61

Movement in history:
- the relationship between impact humans on natural environment (i.e. water quality from sewage discharge)

Back 61

Public health movemet (20 century)

Front 62

Movement in history:
- concerns re: loss of nature and its resources due to development and misuse
- national parks develop
- ecological perspective (McHarg)

Back 62

Conservation movement (20 century)

Front 63

Enactment of this act initiated environmental impact legislation in the USA

Back 63

NEPA - National Env. Policy Act (1969)

Front 64

Practice of securing the physical, economic, and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.

Back 64

Planning

Front 65

Major area of landuse planning:
- relates to process itself
- formal bodies like planning commissions + corporate boards build methods + means to achieve planning decisions, formulate plans and directions to carry out plans/decisions.

Back 65

Decision Making Planning

Front 66

Major area of landuse planning:
- supports decision making and design activites
- includes environmental inventories (maps, etc.), engineer analysis and impact assessments

Back 66

Technical Planning

Front 67

Major area of landuse planning:
- involves layout of landuses, features, facilities to be built, changed or preserved.

Back 67

Landscape Design

Front 68

Environmental impact methodology: 5 points
(DFFDE)

Back 68

- Determine factors relevant to the problem
- Formulate alternative courses of action
- Forecast effect/impacts of these alternatives
- Define differences between alternatives
- Evaluate and rank alternatives and choose preferred one

Front 69

Identifies unavoidable negative impacts of proposed action and relationship between short term and long term productivity.

Back 69

Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)

Front 70

Definition of development capacity on sites composed of differing land types. Number of organisms that can use an area without degrading the habitat and without causing social stress that result in the population being reduced.

Back 70

Carrying capacity

Front 71

Building of strategies and contingency plans for coping with hazards and providing emergency relief.

Back 71

Risk Management Planning

Front 72

Finding a site that suits a concept or program or plan while assessing risk of hazard or conflict.

Back 72

Site selection

Front 73

Site is known and most appropriate use is determined via studies and forecasting.

Back 73

Feasibility studies

Front 74

Siting, planning and designing sites dependent on structural or mechanical systems, ie sewage.

Back 74

Facility planning

Front 75

Can include all the planning activities of other categories, and provides a comprehensive framework to guide landuse changes.

Back 75

Master planning

Front 76

Determining the character of the site by measuring, collecting quantitative data, defines distribution, densities and relationships between the site's components.

Back 76

Site inventory

Front 77

Use of models or precedents to forecast outcomes, use of statistics to test relationships of variables.

Back 77

Site analysis

Front 78

Generation of coherent results from all applicable data. Qualitative process resulting in a graphic display to communicate said results.

Back 78

Integration

Front 79

4 main purposes of NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act)

Back 79

1. Establish a national environmental policy
2. Promote efforts to minimize harm to the env.
3. Improve understanding of environmental resources
4. Create the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) to assist the executive Branch in promoting environmental quality.

Front 80

Approved exceptions to zoning bylaws.

Back 80

Variances

Front 81

Laws, regulations, what you may not do in regards to zoning.

Back 81

Ordinances

Front 82

Property line setbacks for parking and loading:

Back 82

15' from any street right of way
10' from all other property lines

Front 83

Property line setbacks for buildings

Back 83

25' from any street ROW
15' from all other property lines
(ROW is measured from street centerline)

Front 84

Q=CiA

Back 84

Rational method for preparing storm water calcs and sizing pipe.
Q=amount of water in cubic feet
C=runoff coefficient based on type of groundcover
i=amount of rainfall over time
A=the size of the watershed or area collecting water

Front 85

Ramp standards:

When is a ramp required?

Back 85

On any slope above 5%

Front 86

Ramp standards:

What is the minimum width?

Back 86

3'0"

Front 87

Ramp standards:

What is the maximum slope allowed?
And the maximum rise allowed before a landing is required?

Back 87

1:12 or 8.33%
2.5' max rise

Front 88

Ramp standards:

What is the min. allowable landing length?
How many landings are required?

Back 88

5' long
Landing at bottom and top of ramp with 2% slope for drainage.

Note: If ramp changes direction at landing, landing to be 5' x 5' min.

Front 89

Ramp standards:

Cross slope of ramp to be no greater than...?

Back 89

2%

Front 90

Ramp standards:

Maximum horixontal projection of a ramp before a landing is required?

Back 90

30'

Front 91

Ramp standards:

How far to extend hand rails beyond ramp?

Back 91

1'

Front 92

What is a riparian forested wetland associated with?

Back 92

A river or stream

Front 93

Risers and treads:
No tread less than...?
No riser greater than...?

Back 93

11'

7.5"

Front 94

Slope mins and max:
Grass
Paving
Parking
Ramp
Swale
Pipe Planting

Back 94

Grass 2%min - 3:1 max (30%)
Paving 1% min - N/A max
Parking 1% min - 6% max
Ramp 5% min - 12:1 max (8.33%)
Swale 2% min - N/A max
Pipe 0.5% min - N/A max
Planting N/A min - 2:1 max (50%)

Front 95

The extend to which a soil can be compacted is dependent on three factors:

Back 95

1. The type of soil
2. The moisture content of the soil
3. The type of compaction effort exerted on the soil

Front 96

Steps:

Riser + tread = ?
Wash on each step = ?
Max steps per flight = ?

Back 96

Riser + tread = 17"
Wash on each step = 1/4"
Max steps per flight = 7

Front 97

Storm characteristics:

Intense storms

Back 97

Short in duration and small in area

Front 98

Storm characteristics:

Low intensity storms

Back 98

Longer duration and cover a large area

Front 99

Storm characteristics:

Intense storms of longer duration

Back 99

Happen infrequently and cause erosion and flooding

Front 100

Has no significant effect on the runoff amount in a watershed

Back 100

Depth to water table

Front 101

Does not influence the amount or volume of surface runoff:

Back 101

Slope

Front 102

In regard to texture:

Light is reflected = what type of texture?
Light is absorbed = what type of texture?

Back 102

Reflected = smooth
Absorbed - rough

Front 103

Are the most sensitive of the wetlands, and are always more productive than any other type.

Back 103

Tidal (ocean-influenced) wetlands

Front 104

Measured north and south of the baseline. As one moves away from the baseline, "they" increase.

Back 104

Townships

Front 105

Measured east and west of the principal meridian. As one moves away from the meridian, their number increases.

Back 105

Range

Front 106

Best location for utility lines (2).

Back 106

- Utility easement
- Dedicated open space

Front 107

Wetland banking

Back 107

Typically does not eliminate the loss of larger low quality wetlands. In fact, many wetlands once drained by farmers or wetlands of low quality are converted, planted and enlarged for use in wetland banking.

Front 108

Wetlands: criteria to delineate (4)

Back 108

- soil type (hydric)
- vegetation
- hydrology
- length of time water is present

Front 109

2 government agencies which are primarily responsible for establishing regulations, etc which delineate and protect wetlands.

Back 109

- The Army Corps of Engineers
- The Fish and Wildlife Service

Front 110

Lamps which have superior color rendition and a warm white appearance. Have the lowest efficacy of all the lamps. However, they are inexpensive and the small filament permits good optical control.

Back 110

Incandescent

Front 111

Although compact shapes are becoming more widely used, this style of lamp are long and linear, making optical control very difficult. They tend to produce glare. Very good efficacy although their light output may be severely diminished by cold weather.

Back 111

Fluorescent

Front 112

Are relatively new, high-frequency sources that have no filaments or electrodes, but rather use the electro-magnetic spectrum to directly energize a phosphor coating on the bulb.Have a light quality similar to fluorescent but with a longer average life span and no sensitivity to temp.

Back 112

Induction

Front 113

Have good efficacy, excellent life, and a good cool white color. Strong in the blue-green end of the colour spectrum, the lamp is popular for foliage lighting, Overall good combo of characteristics when no extremes are required.

Back 113

Mercury Vapor (MV)

Front 114

Offer superior optical control and color rendition, Their efficacy is substantially better than mercury vapor but slightly poorer than high-pressure sodium lamps. Light appears cool white and has a shorter life than the other HIDs. Cost falls between MV and HPS

Back 114

Metal Halide (MH)

Front 115

Have excellent efficacy, superior optical control, superior life, and very low maintenance, which accounts for their popularity. Light appears orange-yellow and a mediocre color rendition of objects. Colour is not its specialty, more used for broad applications. Initial cost may be higher than for MH, but these lamps are available in a wide range of sizes.

Back 115

High Pressure Sodium

Front 116

Provide excellent colour rendition in a warm tone similar to incandescent. Efficacy is sacrificed to obtain improved colour. Cross between MH and incandescent lamps.

Back 116

"White" High Pressure Sodium

Front 117

Have the highest operating efficacy but depreciate considerably over their lifetime. A large arc tube results in poor optical control, but the lamp deos have superior life. Light itself appears intense yellow and has poor colour rendition properties. Colors in the landscape appear as shades of gray. Cost comparable to HPS

Back 117

Low Pressure Sodium

Front 118

How many days does it take concrete to dry?

Back 118

Curing happens over time:
- initial setting and becoming rigid (fist week)
- gains strengths over weeks to come and by 3 weeks over 90% of final strength is typically reached (21 days)

Front 119

How do you test the compressive strength of concrete?

Back 119

Compressive strength is measured in MPA (megapascal per unit area). Test is given at 28 day mark and is measured using a hydraulic ram.

Front 120

4 key factors in regards to backfilling:

Back 120

- soil loads
- drainage capabilities
- moisture content
- keeping foundation free of cracks

Front 121

3 steps to backfilling:

Back 121

1. Make sure concrete has reached proper strength

2. Start at corners with a course grain soil that drains well. Apply evenly, displace pressure to corners and then fill in sides.

3. Apply back fill w/lifts. Tamping each lift to appropriate SPD (standard proctor density)

Front 122

Who can do As-Built drawings?

Back 122

Contractor is responsible for creating the drawings at the completion of the project. Project manager coordinates this info with in house designers/techs so that their records are up to date.

Front 123

What is personal liability?

Back 123

Means that the party or parties involved are solely responsible for any debts accumulated and may be satisfied out of his or her assets.

Front 124

What is professional liability?

Back 124

Coverage for specialists in various professional fields. Protects the insuree from losing personal assets when situations arise out of business or professional pursuits.

Front 125

What to do when you know that an LA has gone against the code of conduct?

Back 125

It is your duty to report them as the safety and well being of the public is the #1 priority.

Front 126

Substantial completion vs. substantial performance?

Back 126

Both terms or interchangeable and mean that the level of construction is, while not equal to full and complete performance, so nearly equivalent that it would be unreasonable to deny the contractor the payment agreed upon in the contract. Minus the amount the owner feels he/she needs to get project to full completion.

Note: owner can use site before substantial is given.

Front 127

What is the purpose of a tax abatement?

Back 127

It is used in the field of economic development to encourage businesses to relocate, expand, and more currently to retain facilities in a community by means of lowering the local property taxes due to local taxing authority.

Front 128

What is an example of a restrictive convenant?

Back 128

Prevents people from doing things under the covenant such as having dogs on property, or chopping down heritage trees.

Front 129

How is floor space ratio calculated?

Back 129

Ratio of the total floor area of buildings on a certain location to the size of the land of that location. Calculated by:
Total covered area on all floors/Area of plot

An FSR of 2 would mean that the total sq area of building can be double that of lot area.

Front 130

Where do you put a septic tank and drain field? In what conditions?

Back 130

2 components:
1- Holding tank (where solids settle out)
2- Drain field (where gray water is dispersed via perforated pipes)

Chief factors to where system should be places:
1- Soil percolation rate. Less than 1" per hour is unacceptable
2 - Rate at which waste water will be released into soil (aka loading rate). The higher the loading rate and the lower the perc rate, the larger the drainfield.

Requirements:
- deep groundwater to keep permeability high
- soil layer must be deep enough so that bedrock does not retard the entry of percolating water
- ideal soil is a textural mix of coarse paritcles (to transmit water) and fine particles (to act as an effective biochemical filter)

Front 131

What are the 9 zone classes w/ corresponding colours?

Back 131

Residential - Yellow
Commercial - Red
Industrial - Purple
Social/Institutional - Blue
Travel (transport, utilities, info) - Gray
Mass Assembly - Slate Gray
Leisure Acts (arts, rec) - Light Green
Natural Resources (ag/fishing) - Forest Green
No human activity or unclassified - White