Lare Section 2

Front 1

acknowledgers

Back 1

plants point out or acknowledge importance of a space or object

Front 2

5 functional elements in design

Back 2

EDGES (shorelines, roads, hedgerows), PATHS (streets, walkways), DISTRICTS (neighborhoods), NODES (entrances, plazas), LANDMARKS (unique features, buildings)

Front 3

acquifer

Back 3

underground layers of water bearing rocks in which groundwater is taken from by way of wells; in danger of contamination by contaminents in rivers and streams, surface drainage that can pick up contaminents like oil and gas and allow them to infiltrate soil thru leaching of septic fields

Front 4

acrylic polymers

Back 4

added and mixed with soils to create a film that allows air and water to penetrate but still binds soil particles together

Front 5

ADA

Back 5

Americans with Disabilities Act; have info on requirements for handicap parking, accessibility, grades of walkways; plans must accommodate the entire population to a resonable extent; can offer "stages of accessibility" and leave up to users to decide their own limits; use texture and color changes for grade changes

Front 6

aerial photogrammetry

Back 6

uses low level aerial photograhy to produce maps of topo and physiological features

Front 7

aerial photographs

Back 7

help determine topography, soil type, vegetative cover; used for land inventory, community planning, monitoring veg growth, but NOT used for creating topo maps

Front 8

albedo

Back 8

an object's ability to reflect sun's rays

Front 9

aliquot part

Back 9

a quarter or half division of a section of land

Front 10

angle of incidence

Back 10

angle that sun's rays strike the earth

Front 11

angle of repose

Back 11

maximum angle at which slope of soil remains stable

Front 12

annuals

Back 12

plants that complete their entire life cycle in a year or less

Front 13

architectural uses of plant material

Back 13

plant material used to create space (open space, semiopen space, canopied space, enclosed canpied space, and vertical space) via closure or linkage; plant material used for screening, for privacy control

Front 14

area plan

Back 14

shows how specific areas should be developed in town

Front 15

asphalt

Back 15

cooler in morning, hotter in evening

Front 16

average household

Back 16

makes 13 trips a day by car!

Front 17

azimuth of the sun

Back 17

angle of the sun north or south of an east-west line

Front 18

base lines

Back 18

set of lines that run east to west; serve as basis for US Survey System; follow latitudes

Front 19

base plan

Back 19

first plan needed; includes topography, property lines, building locations

Front 20

bearing of line

Back 20

horizontal angle between direction of line and line pointing true north; meaured from north or south only, angle never over 90 degrees

Front 21

bench mark

Back 21

reference point with a known elevation

Front 22

biennials

Back 22

plants that take 2 years to grow, flower, and shed their seeds before they die

Front 23

biology of a site

Back 23

natural corridors, animals and plants on site

Front 24

bioremediation

Back 24

using mico flora and fauna to decompose or stabilize contaminents

Front 25

bioretention pond

Back 25

designed to filter pollutants on site using plant materials; only allow overflow water to drain into pipes with rest infiltrating soil; can contaminate groundwater if not used correctly/appropriately; infiltration bed, recharge trench, and infiltration well also allow water to infiltrate soil but do not rely on plants to filter out pollutants

Front 26

bog

Back 26

wetland fed by groundwater, dominated by peat moss, rich in mineral salts, and acidic

Front 27

brownfields

Back 27

abandoned or underutilized properties that are environmentally contaminated or are percieved as being contaiminated from past industrial or commercial activities; Superfund aka CERCLA

Front 28

building clusters

Back 28

buildings best relate at 90 degrees to e/o, and thru extended imaginary lines; overlap modules, not corner to corner

Front 29

building design

Back 29

it's essential that interior use matches exterior use in all areas of building-- ie, outdoor living sapce off living room, outdoor dining space off kitchen; strongest connection to outdoors happens when interior and exterior elevation are the same

Front 30

building siting

Back 30

treat building as positive sculptural element set off from its surroundings OR treat building as element to be blended into environs; to adapt to gentle slope, either create terrace by cut and fill OR create terrace by using retaining walls OR use split level house to accomodate grade change OR adapt building to site with additional story or pole construction; best siting is near top of slope to maximine breezes and on east side, to minimize solar heat gain; think about SE slopes, breeze utilization in warm periods, windbreaks aagainst NW winter winds

Front 31

bulk density

Back 31

weight per volume of any unit of soil

Front 32

calming traffic

Back 32

speed bumps, chicanes, narrowing of the road, small corner radii, related street elements like lighting and traffic circles; helps make more pedestrian friendly

Front 33

central open space

Back 33

self-centered and inward-oriented; enclosure occurs at corners; identoty is strongest when hollowness is reinforced

Front 34

change of use

Back 34

significant factors include unit development plan, zoning ordinance by-laws, and variances, but NOT building code

Front 35

channeled linear space

Back 35

long and narrow space; attention directed toward ends of space

Front 36

circulation

Back 36

include circulation, including vehicular patterns, desire lines of pedestrians, etc when taking inventory

Front 37

clay

Back 37

smallest mineral particle in soil separates; characterized by slow drainage and poor aeration, but has best nutrient holding capacity of all soil separates

Front 38

climate

Back 38

statistics including temp, humidity, wind, rainfall, snowfall, solar raditation, potential natural hazards-- their quantities, not their actions

Front 39

closed traverse

Back 39

connection of lines that enclose an area and whose coordinates are predetermined, ie a property's boundaries

Front 40

cluster development

Back 40

benefits include lower cost of utility installation, preservation of natural drainage and vegetation; same number of units on tract of land, but clustered together to preserve open space

Front 41

cohesion

Back 41

measure of how soil particles stick together; associated with clays

Front 42

color infrared photography

Back 42

type of aerial photography used for large-scale site analysis to detect vegetation under stress due to disease; use to monitor growth and vigor of vegetation

Front 43

colored concrete

Back 43

dark color absorbs heat; light color stays cooler

Front 44

columnar form

Back 44

upright form but with rounded top; example: Sentry maple, Hicks yew

Front 45

comfort level

Back 45

affected by air temp, humidity, wind, solar radiation, air pollution

Front 46

community needs

Back 46

analyze needs of a particular community by including age group, prjected number of users within population, sources of funding, maintenance, management, and availability/accessibility of existing facilities

Front 47

complementors

Back 47

plants complement a design by repeating forms and masses of building, by extending lines of builing into landscape

Front 48

comprehensive plan

Back 48

sets goals, objectives of town over long period of time; to guide town on types of use, what to perserve, locations of new developments; does NOT set design guidelines (plants to use, etc.)

Front 49

compressive strength

Back 49

refers to soil's ability to withstand compressive forces from directly opposite sides

Front 50

concave slope

Back 50

slope bows inward, more stable

Front 51

connecting corridors

Back 51

corridors to connect habitats

Front 52

consectutive intersections

Back 52

placed at least 125' apart for safety reasons

Front 53

construction sites

Back 53

reduce erosion problems by having ingress/egress controls like tire scrubbers; by installing silt fencing parallel to existing contours; by using sediment basins/traps; and by not leaving disturbed areas unseeded or unmulched for more than 20 days

Front 54

contour lines

Back 54

never split; always close on themselves, never simply end; never cross, except to show overhang or vertical plane

Front 55

convex slope

Back 55

slope bows outward, less stable

Front 56

critical path analysis

Back 56

best way to schedule a job

Front 57

critical spatial components

Back 57

circulation, open space, and structures

Front 58

cut

Back 58

term to describe taking away or excavation of soil from portion of a site; identified on plan when proposed contour line moves uphill from existing contour location (ie, toward higher number)

Front 59

datum

Back 59

mean sea level reference point

Front 60

density

Back 60

controlled by percentage of lot coverage, height limitations, but not frontage requirements or setbacks

Front 61

depression

Back 61

concave landform

Front 62

design process

Back 62

site analysis, bubble diagram (functional diagram), concept plan, massing diagrams

Front 63

design tenants

Back 63

1. odd numbers tend to unify composition while even numbers split composition; 2. mass plants together for more impact, less spotiness; 3. mass groupings together to avoid wasted space; 4. overlap massings to maximize interface between groups; 5. continue plantings below tree canopy to avoid wasted space; 6. use plants to relate to and reinforce ground plane forms; 7. recall mentally unifies a dessigm, so repeat plant use

Front 64

detention basin

Back 64

dry basins that only fill with water during a rain; release water at predevelopment rate

Front 65

drainage

Back 65

when analyzing drainage area, look to size, soil, and cover condition

Front 66

drought-tolerant plants

Back 66

do NOT thrive with additional water

Front 67

dry well

Back 67

small excavated pits backfilled with aggregate in the same manner as an infiltration trench, but designed to catch runoff directly from a roof drain or outfall; sometimes incorporated into a catch basin

Front 68

due process

Back 68

protects rights of people from government based on law

Front 69

dunes

Back 69

use back dune for development, not primary or secondary

Front 70

easement, access

Back 70

easement for access

Front 71

easement, conservation

Back 71

to restrict development potential of land for betterment of ecosystem

Front 72

easement, scenic

Back 72

to protect scenic views; limit development that would block views, vistas

Front 73

easement, solar

Back 73

easement for sunlight access

Front 74

easement, utility

Back 74

so utility companies can set up infrastructure on inividual's property and prevent landowner from removing or damaging it

Front 75

ecological community

Back 75

aggregation of interacting species living together in the same place

Front 76

edge

Back 76

edge of forest has most biodiversity, because sunlight can reach edges and understory

Front 77

edges

Back 77

boundaries between different habitat types; blurred; zones of transition are called ecotones; act as buffers and filters

Front 78

eminent domain

Back 78

government has ability to acquire private property and use it for public projects or economic development as long as fair price is paid

Front 79

emphasizers

Back 79

plants emphasize or accentuate certain points in exterior enviornment

Front 80

English gardens

Back 80

characterized by rolling hills, nauralistic plantings

Front 81

environmental impact statement

Back 81

should consider potential mitigation measures, preservatin of historic features, and ways to minimize disturbance, NOT only elements within the project boundaries; study includes recommendations for possible mitigation measures and suggestions for future monitoring

Front 82

environmental site assessment

Back 82

ESA; a risk assessment used in planning and feasibility stages of real estate development

Front 83

erosion control

Back 83

negative effects of soil erosion not properly done include contamination of groundwater, increased sedimentation in streams and rivers, increased vulnerability to more frequent and more severe flooding

Front 84

fastigiate form

Back 84

upright form where top and bottom are generally same width; example: Thuja occidentalis, Italian cypress

Front 85

fen

Back 85

wetland fed by groundwater, dominated by peat moss, rich in mineral salts, and alkaline

Front 86

fill

Back 86

term to describe adding soil to portion of site;

Front 87

filter strips

Back 87

vegetated with sod OR made of sand; remove particles by filtration and slow runoff

Front 88

flooding potential

Back 88

consider number of streams, area drained by streams, capacity of streams, and rainfall intensity

Front 89

floor area ratio

Back 89

ratio of a building's total floor area (gross floor area) to the size of the piece of land upon which it is built

Front 90

focused open space

Back 90

building cluster has strong direction and orientattion to open side

Front 91

foliage type

Back 91

deciuous, evergreen, and broad leaf evergreen

Front 92

French gardens

Back 92

more formal and orderly

Front 93

geologic map

Back 93

includes info on topo an cultural elements such as roads to help orientate

Front 94

geologic substrate

Back 94

included on soil survey

Front 95

geomorphology

Back 95

study of landforms and how they are created by such things as erosion

Front 96

georeferencing

Back 96

defining an item's location via a coordinate system or map projection; example: taking aerial photograph and defining its location on a map; not analysis, just data; used with GIS

Front 97

GIS

Back 97

technology that takes data from a site and makes it usable for analysis

Front 98

GPS

Back 98

technology used to locate and map different physical items on a site; no anaylsis, just data; survey using GPS to protect vegetation on site

Front 99

grade, finish

Back 99

grade after all work has been completed; aka construction grade

Front 100

grade, natural

Back 100

grade of original land

Front 101

grade, rough

Back 101

slope of land before final products like plants, hardscape are installed; rough slopes or stair-stepped slopes are best for revegetating

Front 102

grades of plants for nursery stock

Back 102

12 measurement grades include shade and flowering trees, deciduous shrubs, coniferous evergreens, broadleaf evergreens, roses, young plants (incl vines, groundcovers), fruit trees, small fruits (raspberries, strawberries, asparagus, etc), understock (used for grafting), seedling, bulbs/corms/tubers, and Christmas trees

Front 103

grading

Back 103

finished grading of site should mimic original terrain; minimize site grading to reduce risk of erosion, reduce sediment pollution on streams and lakes and downstream water degradation, and reduce blowing dust; roads should be along ridgeline, to save money

Front 104

grand urban space

Back 104

80-450' wide

Front 105

gray water

Back 105

waste water from washing operations (not toilet or food waste though); collection of water from sinks, showers, and washing machines

Front 106

green building project

Back 106

intended to protect environment and preserve existing habitats as much as possible; best practices: do not drastically alter microclimates, do not do excessive cut and fill for soil, do not disturb existing flora and fauna, take into account groundwater flow

Front 107

green infrastructure

Back 107

aka low-impact design; examples include vegetated swales, infiltration structures, rain gardens, and green roofs; benefits include increased infiltration and groundwater recharge, decreased pollution loads on surface water, increased biodiversity, reduction in heat island effects of development, and improved air quality

Front 108

greenhouse effect

Back 108

refers to trapping of sun's energy by atmosphere and subsequent raising of temp of earth

Front 109

groundwater recharge

Back 109

NOT enhanced by extension of public sewar systems

Front 110

gully erosion

Back 110

identified by large channels that are obviously damaging (10+ ft deep at its worst)

Front 111

habitat fragmentation

Back 111

fragmentation of natural corridors that facilitate movement of organisms between habitats and encourage biodiverity; natural corridors should be protected so they don’t get fragmented

Front 112

hedgerows

Back 112

result of grid corridors, along roadways

Front 113

hill

Back 113

planting at bottom of hill makes plants susceptible to frost damage

Front 114

historic research

Back 114

to research history of a site, use old newspapers, local historical society, US Census info

Front 115

home rule

Back 115

refers to municipality demanding more freedom from rulings of state

Front 116

hydrophyte

Back 116

a plant that grows only in or on water

Front 117

hydroseeding

Back 117

applying seed, fert, mulch, and lime in one application; do at right angles to slope, parallel to contours

Front 118

ideal functional diagram

Back 118

utilized before a site plan is developed to work thru which spaces will function well next to each other; deals with connections, not scale

Front 119

infiltration

Back 119

rate of water penetration of soil surface; affected by soil type; removes particulates and pollutants that might attach to soil particles, but water soluable pollutants such as nutrients, pesticides, or salt travel thru soil dissolved in water; ponding or dewatering time is at least 3 but no more than 7 days; examples include dry wells, swale traps, catch basin traps, infiltration trenches and basins, and rain gardens

Front 120

infiltration trench

Back 120

2-10' deep; lined with filter fabric and filled with stone

Front 121

intimate outdoor space

Back 121

80' wide max

Front 122

Italian gardens

Back 122

more formal and orderly

Front 123

Japanese gardens

Back 123

simplistic; main feature is rock gardens

Front 124

knoll

Back 124

small grassy hill

Front 125

land development regulations

Back 125

include requirements for local street design, open space, lighting, subdivision standards, similar site development parameters

Front 126

land use plan

Back 126

look at population forecast, economic conditions, people's attitude towards land; shows different uses allowed throughout community

Front 127

landforms

Back 127

irregularities of earth's surface; element of topography; studied by geomorphologists; types include level, convex (high point), ridge (linear high ground), concave (low point, depression), and valley (linear depression); used for spatial definition (to create and define exterior space), to control views (sequential viewing, progressive realization), to influence movement, to affect microclimate, and for aesthetic uses; in conjunction with vegetation, landforms define viewsheds, create visual interest, influence microclimate, stormwater runoff and infiltration, and distribution of plant and animal species

Front 128

landscape meaning

Back 128

nature, habitat, artifact, system, problem, wealth, ideology, history, place, aesthetic

Front 129

landscape preservation

Back 129

to save buildings and land which have significant historical or ecological value; example: farmland, historic war building, wetland system; protect and stabilize site features rather than extensive replacement

Front 130

landscape reclamation

Back 130

undertaken on landscapes where features have been obliterated by development, agriculture, or mining; require construction of new lanscape features to replace what has been lost; examples included contructed wetlands and removal of invasives/replacement with natives

Front 131

landscape reconstruction

Back 131

depict through new construction the form and features of a nonsurving landscape or object

Front 132

landscape rehabilitation

Back 132

actions taken to restore environmental functions and the vitality of a landscape; repair or alter a property to be compatible for another use while preserving features of histroical or cultural significance

Front 133

landscape remediation

Back 133

concerned with mitigating a condition that has resulted in a degraded landscape

Front 134

landscape restoration

Back 134

accurately depict historic form or features of a property by reconstruction of missing features or removal or later features

Front 135

LIDAR

Back 135

new technology; stands for Light Detection and Ranging; aircrafts fly over site and shoot light which is then reflected back to aircraft; light can make its way thru thick dense vegetation; process is very quick and accurate; no analysis, just data

Front 136

limit amount of grade change

Back 136

because soil removal is expensive; because tree roots can be damaged thru soil removal or compaction; because natural drainage is affected

Front 137

littoral zones

Back 137

transition from upland to open water, usually more productive than either one; use raised decking construction to avoid disturbing fragile environment

Front 138

loam

Back 138

fertile and easy to manage; typically, around 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay

Front 139

lot layouts

Back 139

grid layout; deep, narrow lots (6-8.5 lots per acre); wide, shallow lots (6-7 lots per acre); alley layout (4-8 lots per acre); z-lot (on angle)

Front 140

macroclimate

Back 140

weather conditions of a small city

Front 141

map, thematic

Back 141

a single attribute or theme, such as physical properties, social, cultural or economic qualities, are expressed on a map; examples include plant hardiness map, land use map, elevation range map, soil suitability map (but NOT topo)

Front 142

marsh

Back 142

wetland dominated by herbaceous material

Front 143

master plan

Back 143

to show how a town may be developed over a long period of time

Front 144

maximum slope

Back 144

3:1 for mowed slope

Front 145

meadow

Back 145

mowed once in fall; provide habitat and forage

Front 146

mean sea level

Back 146

reference line called a datum; line is considered to have elevation zero and other points on earth are measured to have an elevation either below or above sea level

Front 147

meridians

Back 147

set of lines that run north to south; longitudes

Front 148

microclimate

Back 148

weather conditions of an individual property, residence; modified by shade trees, pavement, rooftops, etc; affects energy consumption of buildings (heating, cooling) and comfort of people in outdoor settings; can be altered based on siting of buildings and use of vegetation and shade structures

Front 149

miltary crest

Back 149

point on a hill in which entire slope can be seen

Front 150

mosaic

Back 150

overall form of a landscape-- pattern of patches, edges, connectivity

Front 151

native plants

Back 151

native plant associations are repetition of dominant plants indigenous to a given area; using natives contributes to biodiversity, reduces or eliminates need for pesticides and fertilizer, reduces maintenance costs, and improves habitat; once estalished, natives require less care, less water, fewer inputs

Front 152

noise reduction

Back 152

to reduce noise, plant broadleaf evergreens; keep in mind distance of barrier between sound source and area to be protected, as well as length, height, and mass of barrier; barrier must be continuous, without gaps, to be most effective; most effective when berm/screen is close to noise source; length of barrier should be one to two times as long as the distance from source to barrier

Front 153

non-renewable resources

Back 153

include soil, soil, tropical rainforests

Front 154

nuisance

Back 154

interferes with one's right to quiet enjoyment

Front 155

nurse trees

Back 155

nitrogen fixing trees such as locust, alder

Front 156

open traverse

Back 156

used for road or train line boundaries

Front 157

organic linear space

Back 157

view and focus constantly change as one moves thru space; sense of anticipation, opportunities for surprises

Front 158

parking

Back 158

90 degree alignment maximizes number of spaces and requires widest aisle; when siting, consider proximity to dominant use area and areas with slopes under 6%; design to minimize amount of impervious surface and maintain predeveloped rate of infiltration by reducing parking space size, requiring smaller spaces for compact cars, and designing spillover parking with pervious paving; typical space is 8-10' wide x 18-20' deep; space ratios and paving materials are dictated by local ordinaces; should include 5% planting

Front 159

patches

Back 159

concentrations of habitat type, like a patch of forest in the midst of a farmland

Front 160

path design

Back 160

for bike paths, make 7-8' wide; for pedestrian paths, make 4-6' wide; need 8' overhead and 1' side clearance; for bike paths, pull-offs should be every 2-3 miles; if trails are also used by walkers, rest areas should be every mile

Front 161

paving

Back 161

functions of paving include: accommodate intense use; provide direction; suggest rhythm and rate of movement; create repose (non-direction area to stop and rest; should be equal proportions); indicate uses (like crosswalk); influence scale; provide unity and recall; serve as a setting; establish spatial character; provide visual interest

Front 162

paving guidelines

Back 162

one pavement should dominate; should coordinate with building; adjoining patterns should align; separate different paving materials with grade change and/or third neutral material

Front 163

paving types

Back 163

gravel, unit pavers, sandstone, limestone, marble, granite, fieldstone, riverstone, cobblestone, flagstone, slate, bluestone, granite sets, Belgian block, brick, CIP concrete, asphalt; rated for durability (NX interior applications, MX exterior, SX exterior where freezing will occur) and abrasion of the material (Type I heavy traffic, II, or III residential patios)

Front 164

percent of slope

Back 164

equals rise over run

Front 165

perennials

Back 165

plants that live beyond 2 years

Front 166

permeability

Back 166

rate at which water will drain freely through a soil

Front 167

physical attributes of a site

Back 167

include drainage patterns, microclimate, water table, depth to bedrock, soils, slope, wind direction

Front 168

phytoremediation

Back 168

using plants to clean up site contamination; phytoextraction relies on plants' natural capacity to absorb and incorporate specfic materials; phytodegradation relies on metabolism of plants to decompose certain contaminents once they are absorbed

Front 169

picturesque form

Back 169

uniquely scultural, irregular

Front 170

planned unit development

Back 170

requested for a project that proposes higher densities and mixed uses on some portions of the site and preservation of open space on others; use PUD ordinance to modify existing land use zones

Front 171

plant color

Back 171

present in foliage, flowers, fruit, branches, trunk bark; dark foliage moves toward viewer, while light foliage moves away from viewer; medium tone should act as transition from light to dark

Front 172

plant forms

Back 172

fastigiate; columnar; spreading/horizontal; round/globular; pyramidal/conical; weeping; picturesque

Front 173

plant health

Back 173

reduction in avialble phophorous and potassium lead to reduced production of fruits, seeds, and root growth

Front 174

plant size

Back 174

large (40'+) and intermediate trees (30-40'); small trees and ornamentals (15-20'); tall shrubs (10-15'); intermediate shrubs (3-6'); low shrubs (2-3'); groundcover (6-12")

Front 175

plant texture

Back 175

coarse texture (large leaves, massive branches, and/or loose, open habit) is highly visible, bold, aggressive, move toward viewer, informal character; medium texture (medium leaves, branches, and/or growth habit) is transition between course and fine; fine texture (small leaves, thin branches, and/or tight growth habit) is soft, delicate, moves away from viewer, formal character

Front 176

planting procedure

Back 176

plant pit should be 5x width of rootball but same ht as rootball-- rootball should sit on undisturbed soil to reduce settling; backfill with additional organic matter

Front 177

plants

Back 177

influenced by people living there, temperature (hardiness zone), average rainfall, type of soil, available sunlight; functional design aspects of plants include directing views, directing movement, spatial definition, screening, physical control (barriers [need to be at least 3' tall], erosion control), climate control (wind, sun)

Front 178

plastic limit

Back 178

point at which soil begins to exhibit plastic behavior

Front 179

pole construction

Back 179

minimizes excavation, reduces compaction of ground surface, and allows surface drainage thru deck

Front 180

police power

Back 180

government has ability to enforce order and enact zoning regs and building codes

Front 181

porosity

Back 181

amount of pore space in a soil; related to grain size distribution and colsolidation

Front 182

porous pavement

Back 182

benefits include reduction of runoff, infiltration of more water into soil and groundwater; does not filter pollutants; contains 20-35% void space (because sand is eliminated from agg mix) for water infiltration; does not hold up well under heavy traffic

Front 183

post occupancy evaluations

Back 183

to make better future designs by learning from past designs

Front 184

public opinion

Back 184

get via town meetings, interviews, surveys, visual preference survey

Front 185

pyramidal form

Back 185

plant form where top is narrower than bottom; example: pine tree, spruce

Front 186

quadrant

Back 186

division of a Cartesian plane

Front 187

qualitative data

Back 187

less formal and can involve techniques like in-depth interviews, field observations; will answer why

Front 188

quality of life

Back 188

what benefits the people? What makes them feel safe and secure? Quality communities mean a sense of place, human scale, self-contained neighborhoods, diversity, transit-friendly design, trees, alleys and parking to the rear, humane architecture, outdoor rooms, and maintenance & safety; common pathway between dewlling si best way to encourage contact between neighbors, better than park

Front 189

quantitative data

Back 189

precise data in which quantity is recorded and based on numbers; examples include counts of people and census data

Front 190

quarter section

Back 190

one quarter section equals 160 acres

Front 191

rain garden

Back 191

aka bioretention basins; remove a lot of nutrients and heavy metals naturally; sized to drain away in 3 days; include 2' deep planting medium

Front 192

ramps

Back 192

needed for ADA complaince; preferred graduient is 8.33%, or 12:1 ratio; max length should be 30' before landing; should be 5' wide for 2-way traffic, with handrails on either side and 6" curb

Front 193

rate of runoff

Back 193

affected by length of storm, overall size of watershed, amount of vegetation in watershed; not affected by size of catch basin

Front 194

rational method

Back 194

used to calculate peak discharge

Front 195

renewable resources

Back 195

trees, wind

Front 196

retaining walls

Back 196

should be 4' ht or less to eliminate need for engineering or reinforcing; needs weep holes and batter (6:1), with swale at top

Front 197

retention basin

Back 197

holds water in a pool with the only outlet through emergency spillways that allow basin to overflow in a controlled manner; loses water thru infiltration and evaporation

Front 198

ridge

Back 198

points uphill (ie, toward higher numbers)

Front 199

ridge line

Back 199

shows connection of at least 2 different high points of hills

Front 200

ridgeline

Back 200

best location for road system

Front 201

rill erosion

Back 201

characterized by small channels that abrade and intertwine (a few inches deep at its worst)

Front 202

riparian rights

Back 202

grant a landowner access to and from water via their property, as well as build out upon water if approved by local government; transfer with deed

Front 203

riparian zone

Back 203

area of interface between land and stream/river; restoration takes into account vegetation types and overhang, shaded area, angle and ht of stream banks, undercut banks, channel width, water width/velocity/depth, etc.

Front 204

rounded form

Back 204

plant that is round, spherical; example: globe spruce, Euro beech

Front 205

sampling, quadrant

Back 205

involves setting up quadrants and recording everything within each quadrant

Front 206

sampling, random

Back 206

unpredictible

Front 207

sampling, stratified

Back 207

allows specific areas to be chosen beforehand for sampling, using items such as aerial photographs

Front 208

sampling, systematic

Back 208

random sampling method using systematic approah

Front 209

sand

Back 209

largest mineral particle in soil separates; characterized by large pore space allowing goood aeration and rapid passage of water

Front 210

seating

Back 210

best options for promoting conversation include U-shape, L-shape and linear across from e/o; purposes include rest/wait, converse, observe, study, eat; seat with wall behind gives sense of security; can be modular or intergrated into design; seat dimensions: 18" ht seat, 15" ht back, 12-18" deep seat, with armrests at 6-9" above seat

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section

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one section equals 640 acres of land

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sediment basins

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aka silt basin; used for sites larger than 5 acres; used to capture sediment on the disturbed site

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sediment trap

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smaller versions of sediment basins, for use on sites less than 5 acres

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sedimentary rocks

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formed when sediments are deposited by wind, water, gravity and the pressure forces them together into rock layers; examples: limestone, sandstone

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sense of enclosure

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strongly implied by building walls situated on 2 or 3 sides of an area and completely delineated by walls on all 4 sides; full sense of enclosure occurs with distance to height ratio of 1:1; loss of enclosure occurs with distance to height ratio of 4:1; ideal viewing distance of building is 2:1 (at 27 degree angle)-- so ideal ratio of between 1 and 3

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septic leaching field

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limited by slow or fast rate of permeability (not moderate rate) and shallow depth to water table

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shade

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to provide shade, install deciduous trees, overhangs, arbors with vines, and louvers; best way to provide summer shade (cooling) but allow winter sun (warming) is to plant a deciduous tree; locate sunscreens on western and southwestern sides of buildings to reduce heat and provide shade; medium trees located 15-30' from buildings are most effective; locate trees for shade where tree's distance from building is 1/4 to 1/3 tree's ht; shade reduces evaopration and humidity

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shear strength

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refers to soil's ability to withstand pressure from downhill force; measure of frictional resistance and cohesion of soil; affected by soil's composition, structure, loading conditions

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sheet erosion

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occurs where there is uniform slope and runoff flows in a sheet

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sight distance

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based on driver being able to see an object 6" high, from 3'9" eye level

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signage

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needs to be placed less than 10 degrees from eyelevel to be read/noticed; easier to read light images on dark colors than other way around

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silt

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intermediate sized mineral particles in soil separates

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site analysis checklist

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check site condition (existing buildings, roads, past uses, etc.); zoning regulations (setbacks, permitted uses, etc); landscape ordinance; land development regulations (storm water requirements, lighting requirements, etc); utilities access (to gas, sewer, etc); traffic (access to site, etc); topography (orientation of slopes, stability, etc.); soils/geology (soil types, depth to bedrock, water table, etc); hydrology (drainage pattern on and off site, wetlands, etc); vegetation/wildlife (types and quality, etc.); climate (wind directon, solar access); historic/cultural features; existing parks or public areas (local aesthetic); environmental concerns (past site uses, impact of development, etc.)

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site inventory and analysis

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includes vegetation, topography, utilities on site; look at project program, existing site conditions, all permit requirements, cost to perform inventory and analysis; take into account local zoning ordinances, easements, setbacks, lot coverage limits, development regulations, site topography, size of site when determining if site will work for program; check for noise pollution, deed restrictions, wetlands, steep slopes that would make development difficult; identify patterns of vehicular circulation; focused process of collecting and mapping essential attribute data for the site and its context; when mapping wetlands as part of site inventory, use wetland inventory, soils maps, aerial photography, and on-site field assessment; "focused process of collecting and mapping essential attribute data for site and its context"

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site utilities plan

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includes existing water, electric, gas, telecommunications, sewage, storm water, plus existing structures like utility poles, overhead wires, fire hydrants, utility boxes

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site visit

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assess significant views; indentify existing landscape character; inventory architectural features

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slope 2:1

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absolute max allowed for site without experiencing erosion; all 2:1 slopes should be covered with groundcover or other plant material (not turf)

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slope 3:1

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preferred max slope for most lawn and planting areas

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slope 4:1

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max slope maintainable by lawn mower

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slope aspect

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aka orientation of slope; direction slope faces (north, northeast, etc)

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slope failure

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arise because of overloading slope with wieght of buildings or roads, increasing fill on slope without adequate draingae, removing vegetation, increasing slope grade, increasing slope length by cutting bottom of slope, changing surface and/or subsurface drainage

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slope percentages

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0-1% is too flat for proper drainage; 1-5% is ideal and preferred for residential and commercial; 2% max for athletic fields; 3% point at which ground's surface becomes obvious, people are aware it's not flat; 5-10% good building conditions but requires more careful siting for single family homes; 5-8% commercial development possible but difficult; 10-15% "rolling", housing units should be split-level and retaining walls may be required; 15% and above "steep", difficult for roads, homes; 8% and above prohibited for commercial buildings with parking lots; 10% max for walkways

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slope, east

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morning sun exposure; indirect sun exposure in the afternoon

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slope, north

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no direct sun exposure in winter; early morning and late afternoon sun exposure in summer; exposure to cold NW winter winds

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slope, south

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exposure to sun throughout the day in winter; direct exposure to midday sun in summer; exposure to summer wind but protection from cold NW winter wind

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slope, west

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indirect exposure to morning sun, exposure to hot afternoon summer sun; exposure to both summer and winter winds

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softeners

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plants soften or loosen the harshness of architecture

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soil bearing capacity

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consider when locating a structure

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soil pH

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acidic=lower than 7; alkaline= higher than 7; ideal= between 5.5 and 7.0; neutral= 7; to make more acidic (less alkaline), add aluminum sulfate; to decrease acidity (to make more alkaline), add lime

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soil strength

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soil's ability to resist deformation; a function of friction and cohesion of grain-to-grain contact in a soil

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soil structure

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arrangement of soil particles and how they are grouped together into aggregates

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soil survey

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includes info on slope, depth to bedrock, soil texture, acidity/alkalinity, permeability, depth to seasonal water table, depth to bedrock, erodiability, rock, drainage characteristics, geologic substrate, plus info on management techniques, engineering characteristics, and uses for land; do NOT provide info on historic land uses; soil analysis tests fertility and agricultural suitability

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soil texture

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relative percentages of primary soil particles, or separates, in soil mass

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soil types

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silt= most erodible; clay=middle; loam=least erodible

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soil, firm

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term for soil that required adequate amount of pressure from 2 fingers to crush it

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soil, friable

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term for soil that is easily broken into smaller pieces with little to no effort

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soil, loose

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term for soil that does not hold together

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soil, plastic

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term for soil that can be easily molded or deformed and remain that way

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solar radiation map

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need to use slope gradient, slope aspect, and vegetation layers to make map useful for analysis in GIS; by combining info on slope gradient/aspect and vegetation, shows areas that are very warm, warm, cool, and very cool

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solar reflection

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glare

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south-facing

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in cold-weather climates, windows should face south in order to avoid cold northwest winds in winter and absorb as much of sun's rays on short winter days; southeast facing is absolute best for wind and sun; in colder climates, south facing below an exposed crest is favored

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spatial leaks

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occur when views extend outside an enclosed space

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splash erosion

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results of raindrop impact on unprotected soils

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spot elevations

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corners of buildings, manhole covers, landings, tops and bottoms of retaining walls, steps, high points of swales, invert elevations, rim elevations, etc.

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spreading form

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plant that is lower to ground and spreads in width; example: suacer magnolia, dwarf Jap yew

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stabilization

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vegetation, paving, geotextiles, stone, mulch, or combo

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steps

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riser height should be between 4"-7" and should not vary in a set of steps; tread depth should be 11" minimum; twice the riser plus the tread should equal 26" (2R + T=26); 4' ht between landings; 5' wide steps for 2-way traffic; contain using cheek walls; handrails should be 32-36" above nose of treads in set of steps; space railings 20-30' apart for large urban plazas

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stream assessment

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done using Rosgen method which uses 4 levels of characterization (geomorphic, morphological, etc)

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stream bank stabilization

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to stabilize bank via new vegetation, use live stakes, branch packing, or cribwall; to stablize without vegetation, use gabions or deflectors

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stream buffer

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typically, min width of buffer is 100 ft OR buffer meets 100 year floodplain standards; stream zone is first 25' of bank, middle zone is next 25' of bank (so 50' from stream; this is 100 year flood mark), and outermost zone is area of transition; goal of buffer is to recreate or maintain predeveloped conditions of overland sheet flow, infiltration, and process of filtration and deposition provided by vegetation

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streets

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narrow and curvilinear are most pedestrian friendly and safest; woonerf design; traffic calming meaures include changes in road width, changes in grade, changes in paving texture and color

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subdivision regulation

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sewer and water services, among others things, designed to meet a sub reg

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subsurface conditions

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key conditions that affect design are soil bearing capacity and water table

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summer solstice

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longest day of the year; June 21; sun is at it's highest point over earth and total number of sunlight hours is longest

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summit

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convex landform

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surface drainage

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identify watershed amd seasonal fluctuations to determine surface drainage characteristics

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survey plan

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aka recorded plat; legal documents that indicates new property lines on subdivided lot

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survey, boundary

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delineates boundaries of property in legal terms; used to establish true property corners of a lot; needed to obtain building permit; includes existing street-right-of-way and utility easement information

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survey, cadastral

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used to restore property lines in Public Land Survey System

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survey, land

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used to establish lengths and directions of boundary lines and not necessary for building permits

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survey, mortgage

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shows property boundaries, building locations, but not topography

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survey, plot plan

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shows all existing and proposed items as well as contours and site boundaries

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survey, quantity

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used in construction to obtain quantities of work to take place on site

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survey, soil

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provides information about soil type, soil qualities, topography, geologic substrate

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survey, topographic

Back 275

shows contour lines but not structure; shows property lines, easements, wetlands, contour lines

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sustainability

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meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs; priciples include do not harm; be cautious in making decisions; design with nature and culture; use decision-making hierarchy of preservation, conservation, and regeneration; provide regenerative systems as intergenerational equity; support a living process; use a systems thinking approach; use a collaborative and ethical approach; maintain integrity in leadership and research; foster environmental stewardship

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sustainable design

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examples include reusing old buildings for new purpose; placing parking amongst vegetation rather than removing vegetation; using porous pavement; purchasing materials from manuafcturers in 500 mile radius of job site

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swimming complexes

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should always have emergency access, fencing, and posted safety regulations

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testing soil

Back 279

proctor test done to determine max density of soil; hand test done to determine consistency of soil; sane cone test done to determine density of natural or compated soil, for stbility analysis

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topographic map

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aka topographic survey; displays the relief of a site by way of contour lines; info can include easements, property lines, spot elevations, contour lines, wooded areas, manholes, wetlands, utilities, buildings, parking areas, etc.; common to use different colors to portray different slope gradients; assessed in conjunction with subsurface drainage

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township

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broken up into 36 divisions called sections, numbered from right to left and then left to right in serpentine fashion, beginning in northeast corner

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transfer of development rights

Back 282

could be used to protect historic landmarks, historic districts, agricultural lands, natural resources

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transit oriented developments

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designed so person can walk from edge of town to town center in 5 minutes; encourages mass transit use; makes town pedestrain friendly; discourages use of vehicles

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transition space

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have landing, entry be a space to transition from inside to outside, and vice versa

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tread to riser ratio

Back 285

ideal ratio adds up to 24-26"

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trees

Back 286

deciduous trees are a good source of shade; evergreens provide wind breaks, spatial enclosure, screening; applications for trees include street, lawn, residential, and pit-- difference is amount of soil for tree to grow in; average life span of urban trees is less than 10 years, due to drainage problems, mechanical damage, and pollution

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unifiers

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plants are common thread, visiually unifying various components

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urban infill

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redeveloping vacant or blighted urban areas; benefits include renewing old neighborhoods, filling in missing tracts, decreasing traffic, cleaning up dirty and abandoned sites, preserving and enhanving character, limiting urban sprawl; disadvantages include higher cost to build (versus on greenfield), old and inflexible zoning regs, neighbor disagreements over new use

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urban sprawl

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tends to follow linear path out of city into suburbs (versus radial or circular layouts); characterized by low density populations

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USGS map

Back 290

include geological maps with info on soil, bedrock; natural hazard maps with info on fault lines, earthquake zones, eruption history of volcanoes, areas of landslide risk; natural resource maps with info on groundwater, aquifer locations, geothermal info

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utilities

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include on site inventory-- water, electricity, natural gas, telecommunications, stormwater, sewage

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valley

Back 292

points downhill (ie, toward lower numbers)

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variance

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apply for one to change use of a site (from commercial to residential, etc)

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vegetated swale

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encourages infiltration, filters water, costs less than pipes, and reduces velocity of runoff; sides are 1:2 minimum and 1:4 preferred

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vegetation

Back 295

can affect perception of air temperatures by reducing air movement

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view framers

Back 296

plants frame views

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viewshed map

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illustrates locations that can be seen from an individual viewing point

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visual quality of a site

Back 298

views

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wall materials

Back 299

STONE: masonry/wet wall OR dry stack wall; solid wall OR veneer on CMUs; cut or uncut stones; BRICK: streatchers, headers, soldiers; CONCRETE: cast in place OR precast blocks (concrete blocks, slump blocks, decorative block); WOOD; WROUGHT IRON'

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walls and fences

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define space; screen views; separate functions; modify climate (ie to protect from NW winter wind or funnel in SW summer breezes); use as sitting elements (18" ht); use as visual elements; parts include base, wall/fence surface, and cap; ha-ha wall/fence is sunken and hidden; design with wind load and lateral strength in mind when designing freestanding walls

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water

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characteristics include plasticity, motion (static or dynamic), sound, reflectivity (depends on slope/gravity, container size and shape, container roughness, temperature, wind, and light); uses include consumption, irrigation, climate control, sound control, and recreation; visual uses include flat static water (pool, pond), flowing water (moving thru well-defined channel), falling water (free fall, obstructed fall, sloped fall), and jets (single-orifice, spray, aerated, formed); pond has vegetation while pool does not; pumps are either submersible or larger centrifugal ones

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water quality analysis

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develop data and information about upstream watershed and the receving water body

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water table

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the upper surface of the zone of saturation; the zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with water; not good to build on high water table

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watershed

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area where all water that is either in ground or flows on top of soil drains into same place; made up of stream channel, floodplain, upland areas, groundwater

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weeping form

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pendulous; example: weeping willow, cranberry cotoneaster

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wet pond

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specially designed pond to act as rentention basin; includes 6" to 2' deep marsh/littoral zone

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wetland

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area inundated or saturated by water often enough and long enough to support vegetation that is typically adapted to life in wet soil conditions; identified by the presence of hydric soils and hydrophytic vegetation; permit required for depositing or placing of fill materials, dredging or removing soil or materials, constructing, operating, or maintaining any use or development, or draining surface water; for wetland mapping, use wetland inventory, soils maps, aerial photography, and on-site field assessment; most important water source for wetlands is groundwater; types of wetlands include tidal, non-tidal, forested, scrub-shrub, or emergent

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wetland delineation

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defined by changes in vegetative structure

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wetlands, composit

Back 309

fed by local lakes and streams

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wetlands, estuarine

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tidal waters, salty tidal marshes; semi-enclosed with plant material; areas without hydrophytes or soil

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wetlands, groundwater

Back 311

fed by high water tables

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wetlands, lacustrine

Back 312

lakes, reservoirs; found in depression; low salinity; plant cover of less than 30%

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wetlands, marine

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oceans, coastlines; areas without soils but with hydrophytes

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wetlands, palustrine

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marshes, bogs, swamps; salinity level greater than 0.5%; areas with hydrophytes and hydric soils

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wetlands, riparian

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fed by streams

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wetlands, riverine

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rivers and streams; dominated by plant material

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wetlands, surface

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fed by runoff

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wind

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strong, cold winter winds comes from northwest; cool, southern summer winds come from southwest; evergreen windscreens should be at least 3 rows think, and deciduous windscreens should be up to 6 rows thick; windbreaks can include mounds of earth, tall walls, hedges of plants; windbreaks should direct wind up and over, so use lower plant material on windwarn side and higher material on leeward side

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xeriscaping

Back 319

using native plants; reduces maintenance and water requirements because native plants are used to local conditions

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zoning codes

Back 320

local government's ability to enforce certain rules and regualtions regarding land use; examples include open space requirements and stormwater management requirements; addresses parking configuration (spaces based on ratios of so many spaces per dwelling, or seats in theater or SF of retail space), lot sizes, road widths, road profile restrictions, sign requirements