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235 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type of survey that is made for the purpose of supplying a title company and lender with a survey and location data necessary for issuing the title or mortgage insurance |
Title Insurance Coverage Survey |
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Survey conducted to locate and/or investigate surface/subsurface archeological ruins |
Archeological Survey
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Survey that established the true boundary corners and property lines of a parcel of land
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Boundary Survey |
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Survey that is the original survey, resurvey, or retracement of public lands with the Public Lands Survey System of the United States for restoration or property lines |
Cadastral Survey |
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Survey with measurements made prior ro or while construction is in progress to control elevation, horizontal position, dimensions, and configuration for buildings, fences, roads, etc. A surveyor would set stakes for proper location, elevation, and relative placement of most types of infrastructure improvements. |
Construction Survey
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Survey that provides recise locations of horizontal and vertical positions of points for use in boundary determination, mapping for aerial photographs, construction staking, or other needs. |
Control Survey
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Survey that determines the elevation of various sections of a building or land. Typically used to aid in building plans and to determine if a property is in a flood zone |
Elevations or Floodplain Survey
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Survey that takes into account the curvature of the earth and astronomic observations - uses a coordinate system for located points on the earth - used on large scale planning projects |
Geodetic Survey
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A system of numerous earth orbiting satellites that can be used to determine to location of a receiver or station |
Global Positioning System (GPS)
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Survey of landed property establishing or re-establishing length and directions of boundary lines - land boundaries are usually defined by ownership from earliest to current partitions
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Land Survey
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A transit in which a laser is mounted over the sighting telescope to project a clearly visible narrow beam into a small target at a survey site |
Laser Transmit
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Minor adjustment of a boundary line in order to transfer land between adjacent property owners |
Lot Line Adjustment (Boundary Line Adjustment)
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Survey needed for the division of an existing parcel of land into two or more parcels . Includes a plat of new parcels and the legal description to record the split. |
Lot Split Survey
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Survey that combines boundary and topography surveys for the preparation of a site plan |
Site Plan Survey (Lot Survey, or Plot Plan Survey)
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A time honored land surveying method of describing land in terms of shape and boundary dimensions - type of legal description of lot |
Metes and Bounds
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Survey where the curvature of the earth is usually negated. Used to develop cadastral maps. |
Plane Survey
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Survey that obtains measurements of quantities, usually in conjunction with a construction process, earthwork, etc |
Quantity Survey |
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Survey that locates structures and improvements to a property - usually for mortgage purposes |
As-Built Survey |
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Survey of a "registered" (Torrens-Tile) land usually done to shorten the lengthy legal description or divide larger parcels of "Torrens-Tile" land into smaller tracts |
Registered Land Survey (RLS)
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Survey that notes the subdivision of a tract of land into smaller parcels |
Subdivision Survey
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Survey that locates natural and man-mad features such as buildings, fences, elevations, land contours, trees, streams etc. |
Topographic Survey |
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What is shown on all quadrangle maps prepared by the US Geological Survey (USGS)
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UTM Grid |
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What are the three main types of maps
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7.5-minute quadrangle maps (1:24000; 1:25000 scales) |
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Grid lines are spread at what interval in metric drawings? |
1000 meters |
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What is True North? |
Directional line between any position on Earth to the True North Pole |
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What is Magnetic North?
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The direction of the Magnetic North Pole - shown as north on a compass. |
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Diference between one contour line and the next |
Contour Interval |
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Indicated by closely space contours |
Cliff
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Indicated by a circular contour with lines radiating to the center |
Depressions
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Less closely space contours |
Gentle Slope
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Contours that form a V-Shape pointing down a hill
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Ridges |
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Closely spaced contours |
Steep Slopes
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Circular contours culminating in a high point |
Summit
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V-shaped contours that point up a hill |
Valleys |
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with storm events generally traveling west to east, there is an increase in precipitation on west-facing slopes (western slope = good for skiing) |
Mountain Rainshadow Effect |
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The presence of free iron oxides in soil is indicated by what? |
Deep red color of Soil |
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This color of soil suggests poor drainage and a lack of good aeration |
Blue or Gray Soil |
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Decreasing the internal friction Loading the site with structures Adding irrigation Adding a septic system |
May cause slide or slump on a site containing clay and shale layers in a sloping condition |
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What could help a sloping condition of a site containing clay and shale layers? |
Regrading the site to reduce slope Increasing the resisting mass Reducing the overburden |
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The rate at which rain falls, measure in inches per hour |
Rainfall Intensity |
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A formula for calculating the peak runoff rate from a drainage area based on land use, soils, land slope, rainfall intensity, and drainage area. |
Rational Method |
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The removal of elimination of a problem, nuisance, or other disturbance especially of public health and safety significance.
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Abatement
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Street that generally has two or more moving lanes, traffic signals, may be designated as truck or bus routes, and is intended to serve traffic moving through an area |
Arterial Street |
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Principal street within a network for the provision of both intercity and intracity traffic movement
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Major Arterial Street |
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Secondary street within a network for the purpose of traffic movement between neighborhoods or other aras within the city
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Minor Arterial Street
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Areas determined by the local government and state and regional entities which allow for the adoption of land development regulations, density requirements, and special permitting requirements.
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Areas of State Critical Concern
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Local regulations that control design, construction, and materials ised in construction. Based of health and safety standards
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Building Codes
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An authorization issued by a local government agency allowing the construction of a project according to approved plans and specifications
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Building (Construction) Permit
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A written agreement between two or more parties that pledges to perform or not perform specified acts with regard to property: usually found in deeds, mortgages, leases and contracts for deed.
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Covenant
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A written instrument used to transfer title to property, such as a deed
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Conveyance |
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Dead end street with only one inlet and turnaround area
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Cul-de-sac
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Document that transfers ownership of real estate
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Deed |
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Legal document that conveys title to real property to a 3rd party
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Deed of Trust |
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Transfers to the grantee any and all of the legal rights the grantor has in the parcel of real property. Used to clear discrepancies on the deed such as a misspelled name
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Quit Claim Deed
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Statistical study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics as well as how populations change over times due to births, deaths, migration and aging. Used to analyze neighborhood characteristics, determine housing needs, etc. |
Demography
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The average number of people, families, or housing units on one unit of land. Also described in dwelling units per acre. |
Density |
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Public document used by governmental agency to analyze the significant environmental effects of a proposed project
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Environment Impact Report (EIR)
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A legal right or permission, given a person or entity limited use of another's property such as the right of a utility company to run power lines through your property
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Easement
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When an easement is held incident to ownership of some land such as running a drainage ditch through a neighbors yard
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Easement Appurtenant
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A grant by a property owner or another person for a specific use for a specific amount of time
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Temporary Easement
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A grant by a property owner to the public for an indefinite amount of time
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Permanent Easement
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A legal means of protecting beautiful views and associated aesthetic quality along a site by restricting change in existing features without government approval.
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Scenic Easement
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Federal, state, and local requirements for managing the nation's environmental health. A landscape architect would be concerned with sediment and erosion control and wetland and stream protection
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Environmental Regulations
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The boundary of a property that abuts a existing or dedicated public right of way, water body, or similar barrier
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Frontage
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A corridor comprised of natural vegetation with specific measures designed to mitigate fire, flood, and erosion hazard, land use planning, and development
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Greenbelt / Greenway/ Green Corridor
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A comparison of development proposal against environmental contraints or other conditions which determine the carrying capacity of a specific land area to accomodate development without adverse impacts
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Intensity
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What are the 9 land classifications according to the Sixteenth Section Lands? |
1 - Agricultural, 2 - Industrial, 3 - Commercial, 4 - Residential, 5 - Farm Residential, 6 - Recreational, 7 - Forest, 8 - Catfish Farming, 9 - Other |
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A set of decisions about how the land will be used and ways to achieve the desired use |
Land Use Plan |
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What are the 4 components of a Land Use Plan?
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1 - Definition of goals; 2 - An ordering of land, human, and material resources; 3 - An explicit statement of the methods, organization, responsibilities and schedule to be used; 4 - Agreed targets |
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A general term for the vertical view corridor that might normally be 3" measured up or down from the height of the viewer's eyes |
Line of Sight
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Type of street that provides access to residences and businesses within a neighborhood |
Local / Residential Street |
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Development that is created in response to patterns of separate uses that is typical in suburban areas necessitating reliance on cars. Includes multiple kinds of uses in one area
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Mixed Use Development |
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A planning option of leaving a situation as it already exists |
No Action / No Build Policy (Do Nothing Alternative, Null Alternative) |
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An area of land or water essentially unimproved that is designed or reserved for such purposes as preservation, recreation, farming, or educational opportunities |
Open Space
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The proportion of s site that is required to remain as open space and may be used for recreation, agriculture, and resource protection |
Open Space Ratio (OSR)
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Formal legislative enactment by the government that must not conflict with a higher form of law |
Ordinance |
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A project or subdivision that consists of common property and improvements that are owned and maintained by an owner's association for the benefit and use of individual units within a project. In order to qualify, the owners must require automatic, non-severable membership for each individual owner and provide for mandatory assessments. |
Planned Unit Development (PUD) (Cluster Housing) |
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The right of the government to enforce laws for the public welfare such as building codes and zoning.
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Police Powers |
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The number of people in a given area
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Population Density |
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Determines how an area is being used and developed and how such property can be used in the future on a large scale |
Regional Land Use
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Publicly owned space for current o future facilites |
Right of Way (ROW)
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Space dedicated to public use in a subdivision plat that must be constructed under permit issed by the governing body and comply with regulations |
New Roadway Right of Way or Dedicated Right of Way |
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area of real property in which the an area has been dedicated as public use |
Public Right of Way
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Minimum horizontal distance required between the lot line or right of way and the nearest point of a building, structure, or improvement located or to be located on property |
Setback |
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A setback at a street or driveway intersection that restricts view-obstructing objects at a driver's line of sight for a specific distance based on the streets design speed |
Sight-Line Triangle
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A legal tool for detailed design and implementation of a defined portion of an area covered by a General Plan.
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Specific Area Plan (SAP) |
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Space between the buildings and either side of the street |
Streetscape
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Tract of land divided byt he owner into blocks, building lots, and streets according to a recorded plat |
Subdivision |
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Procedures, requirements, and provisions governing the splitting of land
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Subdivision Rules and Regulations |
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Development with the goal of preserving environmental quality, natural resources, and livability for present and future generations |
Sustainable Development
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A check of title records to make sure that the legal owner selling a property doesn't have any liens, overdue spacial assessments, of other claims or covenants that would adversely affect the market value. |
Title Search or Examination |
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Allows property owners to sell development rights to their property while retaining ownership of the land itself |
Transfer of Development Rights
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Means a modification or waiving of the provisions of code as applied to specific property |
Variance |
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legislative process that classifies land in a community into different areas and districts that affect dimension, design, placement and density. |
Zoning |
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Federal agency that includes the National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management. Employs more landscape architects than any federal agency |
Department of the Interior |
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Federal agency responsible for administering and enforcing federal environmental laws including the Clean Air Act, The Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act. |
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
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Provides quality responsible engineering services to the nation including building civil works like flood control, and disaster response. |
Army Corp of Engineers |
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Federal agency in charge of administering the National Flood Insurance Program; tasked with responding to, planning for, overseeing recovery from, and mitigating against disasters, including floods |
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) |
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agency in charge of providing wildlife conservation enforcement and allows for surveys and investigations of wildlife to be conducted in the public domain. |
Fish and Wildlife Service |
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Primary federal law governing water pollution that makes it illegal to discharge any pollution without a permit. Provides federal funding for construction of sewage treatment plants. |
Federal Water Pollution Act of 1972 (FWPCA) (Clean Water Act) |
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A 1977 amendement to the 1972 FWPCA that emphasizes the control of toxic pollutants as well as establishes the responsibility of clean water to individual states. |
Clean Water Act
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Permitting system used by the Clean Water Act that controls water pollution by regulating point and non-point sources that discharge pollutants into water |
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) |
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Governs how animal and plant species whose populations are dangerously in decline will be protected and recovered |
Endangered Species Act |
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Legislation enacted to ensure the integration of natural and social sciences and environmental design in the planning and decision making of federal projects or projects on federal lands |
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) |
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Regulates the treatment of water for human consumption. Requires testing for and elimination of contaminants |
Safe Drinking Water Act |
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Legislation that authorizes states and local agencies to carry out works of improvement for soil conservation and for other purposes including flood prevention, conservation, development, utilization and disposal of water |
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (PL 83-566) |
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Amendment to the federal Safe Drinking Water Act in 1986 that minimizes the potential for contamination of public ground water supplies |
Wellhead Protection Program |
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A survey technique that describes an area of land by means of a series of connected lines. It may be either open or closed depending on what is being surveyed |
Traverse
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Method of measurements that are a way of determining a distance based on the height observations of a 6 ft. object
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Stadia Measurements |
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An act of determining the elevations of certain points or arbitrary points. Typically done to determine the topography of a site
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Leveling |
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Process for taking vertical measurements and is typically used on extremely hilly sites |
Chaining |
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Process by which a surveyor references a known point such as a curb or building floor elevation. Done during the process of leveling to check accuracy |
Backsighting
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The process that surveyors use to determine a new point and elevation when they are looking through an instrument |
Foresighting
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In what kinda of surveying are the areas so small that taking into account the curvature of the earth is negligable |
Plane Surveying
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Will provide information on which city services are to be upgraded, repaired, or constructed
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Capital Improvement Program |
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______ are measures north and south of a baseline and ______ are measured east and west of a prime meridian |
Townships, Ranges |
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A plant condition caused by an iron deficiency - either because there is iron missing from the soil or because the iron is tied up and unavailable to the plants roots |
Chlorosis |
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How are sections ordered and numbered? |
Top to bottom - right to left then left to right and so on
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How many acres are in a section? |
640 |
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The ability of soil to become deformed without breaking apart
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Plasticity |
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Study of the physical features of the Earth's surface |
Physiography |
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The availability of organisms or tissues to function only with the presence of oxygen |
Aerobic |
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General term for the sediments laid down in river beds, flood plains and lakes, fans at mountains, and estuaries |
Alluvial |
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Soil that is devoid of interstitial oxygen - this happens often in wetland conditions because the constant presence of water limits contact with the atmosphere. |
Anaerobic soil |
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The angle between the horizontal and maximum slope that a soil assumes through natural processes |
Angle of Repose
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The measure of the load per area unit that a material can withstand before failure; what a soil is able to support. |
Bearing Capacity |
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Resistance to a crushing of buckling force - the maximum load a specimen can sustain divided by its original cross-sectional area |
Compressive Strength
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Type of soil with characteristics resulting from prolonged saturation and chemically reducing conditions such as occurs under anaerobic conditions |
Hydric Soil (Soil with lack of interstitial oxygen - anaerobic) |
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The point at which a soil acts like a liquid, typically under earthquake conditions |
Liquefaction |
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A mixture of two of more soil ingredients |
Loam |
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Soil having the properties determined predominantly bymineral matter - usually contains less than 20% organic matter |
Mineral Soil |
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Plant and animal residue in the soil at various stages of decomposition - source of nitrogen and other nutrients for crops
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Organic Matter |
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The movement of water through a porous subject such as soil |
Percolation |
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The ability of a solid to hold together under pressure from a downhill force; determines the stability of a soil and its ability to resist failure under loading. |
Shear Strength |
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Slope that curves outward like the outside surface of a ball
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Convex Slope |
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Slope that curves inward the inside surface of a ball |
Concave Slope |
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Slope that is like a tilted flat surface |
Plane Slope |
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What level of pH is considered a strong alkaline? |
over 8.5 pH
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What level of pH is considered a strong acidic? |
below 5.5 pH |
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What is Sight Distance?
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The length of road clearly visible to a driver |
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What is a Sight Triangle? |
An area of oncoming traffic that should be clearly visible to the driver stopped at an intersection |
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Formerly the Soil Conservation Service, a federal agency in the Department of Agriculture that deals with erosion and flood control; has developed a methodology for determining runoff rates and volumes; many other govt agencies and consultants have adopted these procedures; based on runoff, in inches, resulting in rainfall, in inches, for a specific drainage area and land use for a specified storm duration |
Natural Resources Conservation Service |
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Solid material, both mineral and organic, in suspension, being transported, or having been moved from its original site by air, water, gravity, or ice |
Sediment |
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The distance between approaching vehicles when first visible to one another on a horizontal or vertical curve |
Site Distance |
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Movement of soil on a slope resulting in a reduced angle of repose, usually occurring as a result of rainfall, high water, or thaw |
Slide |
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Use of live, woody vegetative cuttings to repair slope failures and increase slope stability |
Soil bioengineering |
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definable in scope, requires a level of effort, has a start and completion date; may or may not be associated with a larger project component |
Task |
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live, cut stems of branches of plants that will root when embedded or inserted in the ground |
Vegetative Cuttings |
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region or area contributing to the supply of a stream or lake |
Watershed, drainage basin, or catchement area |
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accounts for and defines work to be completed, deadlines, costs per task, parties responsible (internal or subs) |
Work Plan |
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determine client's goals, tasks that will need to be performed, timetables associated with the project; specific costs are determined later |
Project Definition |
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completed to determine if a site is appropriate for the intended development and what the associated costs will be; does not include a site plan |
Site Assessment |
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illustrates general project components while taking into consideration the components' sizes, shapes, and relationships to one another |
Fundamental Use Diagram |
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items that are included with the site design |
Project Components |
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need to be accounted for in the design |
Project Requirements |
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general statements of intent; identify thoughts and ideas that should be addressed by design solution |
Goals |
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specific action-oriented statement regarding the methods of accomplishing goals |
Objectives |
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shows topography, structures, roadways; general wetland areas, lakes and streams; information about township, section, range |
Quadrangle Map |
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6 square miles, further divided into 36 sections |
Township |
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measure E/W from a referenced distance |
Range Lines |
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refer to its number, township, range, base and meridian |
Identifying a section |
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contains 640 acres, 1 square mile; 36 per township, and they are numbered by snaking from row to row, starting in the NE or SE corner |
Section (as pertains to surveying) |
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the act of determining the elevations of certain points or arbitrary points, typically to determine the topography of a site |
Leveling |
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a process for taking vertical measurements; typically used on extremely hilly sites |
Chaining |
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typically include contour lines, high and low points, all water boundaries (including floodplains), and all property lines with bearings and distances |
Surveys |
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survey technique that describes an area of land by means of a series of connected lines; may be open or closed; roads are typically open, property boundaries are typically closed |
Traversing |
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a way of determining a distance based on the height observation of a 6' object; not used to survey a site boundary |
Stadia Measurement |
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may cause leaves to yellow while veins remain green |
Magnesium Deficiency |
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a fungal problem that is characterized by a white powdery growth on the top and sometimes bottom of leaves |
Mildew |
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the appearance of dark brown spots on leaves in concentric zones of discoloration |
Leaf Spot |
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disorder causing a single stem to appear as if it were several stems fused together; caused by frost, insect, or physical damage to a stem in its early development |
Fasciation |
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ability of a soil to become deformed without breaking apart |
Plasticity |
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ability of a soil to return to its original shape after being subjected to a load condition |
Elasticity |
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minimum moisture content at which a soil will flow under its own weight |
Liquid Limit |
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ability of a soil to transfer water |
Permeability |
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written from the smallest land division to the identified quadrangle |
Description (of land) |
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a wetland that receives nutrients from groundwater and has non-acidic peats; will be affected significantly by alterations to a watershed, especially with an increase or decrease to its storage capacity |
Fen |
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periodically inundated wetland that may or may not have water present |
Meadow |
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a wetland associated with saltwater |
Mangrove |
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wetland associated with a river or stream |
Riparian Forested Wetland |
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general guide on how a community would like to develop in the future; looks at existing zoning, but the growth areas may not be a direct reflection of how the city has developed; not legally binding, but may influence how a board votes on proposals |
Comprehensive Community Master Plan |
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used to show how a city may be developed over time; generally relates to a zoning map, in that certain areas remain as they are while others change |
City Master Plan |
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formal opportunity for the landscape architect to present a proposal for allowing a project to go forward with exemptions from the existing code; a time for public and interested parties to voice their support or dissent of the request |
Public Hearing for an Amendment Request |
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used to locate buildings and land in order to establish or determine their worth |
Accessor's Map |
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addresses how an area is being used and developed, and future uses; does not look at specifics |
Regional Land Use Plan |
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Should not exceed 2%; overall slope should not exceed 5% (1:20) |
Cross Slope of an accessible walkway without handrails |
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consolidates the creation of smaller wetlands, transfers the responsibility of creating wetlands from the developer to other, provides incentives for others to restore wetlands |
Wetland Banking |
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highly saturated soil where little or no usable oxygen is present (anaerobic) |
Hydric Soil |
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per ASTM, an assessment performed by an environmental professional that includes 3 tasks: 1 - interviews and site reconnaissance, 2 - review and interpret information, 3 - oversight of report writing; and 4 components: 1 - thorough review of records, 2 - site visit, 3 - interviews with the owner and/or operator of the property, 4 - report documentation |
Phase I Environmental Site Assessment |
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medium alkaline |
pH level of 8.0-8.5 |
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slightly alkaline |
pH level of 7.0-8.0 |
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slightly acidic |
pH level of 6.0-7.0 |
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medium acidic |
pH level of 5.5-6.0 |
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strongly acidic |
pH level of 0-5.5 |
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climate of a small area that is different from that of the surrounding region; can be small (patio) or extensive (coastal forest) |
Microclimate |
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best to determine a site's past uses |
Aerial photos |
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most productive and sensitive of all ecosystems in terms of biomass produced |
Wetlands |
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ocean-influenced wetlands, more productive and sensitive than any other type of wetland |
Tidal Wetlands |
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decline in water quality, aquatic vegetation, recreation and navigation; unwanted biological growth, algal blooms, increased turbidity, decreased flow capacity, frequent flooding in areas that never or rarely flooded in the past |
Effects of Sedimentation |
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official revision to the currently effective FEMA map; it is used to change the flood elevations, flood zones, floodplain, and floodway delineations and planimetric features |
Letter of Map Revision (LOMR) |
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erosion control method, appropriate where erosion is prevalent and rills or chambers are developing; it is rock that has been crushed or broken to form sharp, angled edges that help with interlocking and maintaining better connectivity where shear forces are applied |
Rip Rap |
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How is the amount of runoff determined? |
the size (area) of a watershed and the amount of water entering and leaving the watershed |
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sign of increased nitrogen loading in a water body or wetland |
Algal Blooms |
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typically thrive where high amounts of nitrogen are available |
Cattails |
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generally prepared after the site analysis |
Preliminary Plan |
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dashed line, broken up with a smaller dash |
Ridge/watershed linetype |
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dashed line, broken up with two smaller dashes |
Property line linetype |
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dashed line, broken up with three dots |
Swale/drainage line |
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dashed line |
Easement, trail linetype |
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space should extend at least 100' in all directions; gravel pathways, shrub beds, and rock mulch adjacent to the structure shall be maintained; native woody plants should occur intermittently; tree limbs should not touch or hang over the structure; living plants should be arranged irregularly so that fuel supply is discontinuous |
Defensible wildfire space requirements |
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How much seating should be provided in plazas, according to the Project for Public Spaces? |
1 lineal foot per 30 square feet of plaza space |
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will have records of the year's current home values, used to determine the taxes imposed on a residence |
Assessor's Office |
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list of all elements and requirements the design solution must include and satisfy |
Program Development |
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highest bearing capacity |
Solid Rock |
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lowest bearing capacity |
Saturated and organic soils |
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resistance to sliding between soil particles |
Internal Friction |
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mutual attraction between particles due to moisture content and molecular forces |
Cohesion |
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occurs when shear stress exceeds sheer strength, either because increased stress or decreased strength brought about by natural or human-induced activity. |
Slope failure |
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specify a minimum footing depth that is deeper than the expected maximum frost penetration and prescribes allowable (or presumptive) bearing capacities for regional soil conditions |
Local building codes |
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tend to shrink as they dry and expand as moisture content increases |
Clay Soils |
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the degree and length of slope |
Topographic factors influencing erosion |
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bearing capacity, angle of repose, shear strength, permeability, erodibility, frost action potential, pH level, and organic content |
What establishes the capabilities and limitations of a soil? |
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loose silts, soft clays, fine water-bearing sands, soils with high organic content (peat) |
What are soils that pose particular difficulties and should be avoided or removed? |
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maintenance, economics, existing restrictive conditions; legal controls and physical limitations |
functional constraints |
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information on slope, depth to bedrock, soil texture, erodability, rock, and drainage characteristics |
What is included in a soil description? |
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describes the character of the soil, info about management techniques, engineering characteristics, and uses for the land |
What is included in a soil survey? |
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United States Geological Survey (USGS) |
What is a valuable source of topographic information? |
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identifies areas of steep slopes and the possible location for building sites and access; shown in classes or ranges |
Slope Analysis |
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size of a football field |
170' x 370' |
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size of a lacrosse and soccer field |
200' x 330' |
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size of a volleyball court |
50' x 80' |
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size of an outdoor basketball court |
50' x 94' |
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1 - the property must have equal value to defendants and the plaintiff; 2 - the taking is conscious and deliberate; 3 - the taking is accomplished without third party or natural events; 4 - the entire thing is taken, not just a part or portion of the thing. |
4 conditions for establishing a taking: |
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several aspects: possession, use, and disposition |
rights associated with ownership of a property |
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1 - allows same number of units in smaller space for more open space; 2 - reduces visual impact on existing community; 3 - allows for open space buffers between incompatible uses; 4 - preserves important natural functions of landscape; 5 - contributes to "rural" character of area; 6 - is sensitive to the character of the site; 7 - establishes a benchmark for future projects |
cluster design attributes |
