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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Technical aspects of construction administration |
-Day-to-day activities and procedures that emphasize documentation and good communication between Parties to the Contract |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology ASI (Architects Supplemental Instruction): |
An order issued by a design consultant based on a field observation. -Usually accompanied by a disclaimer statement that Contractor will act without change in Contract price or schedule unless they notify in writing prior to acting on instruction. |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Change Order: |
A significant change to the Contract Docs that may change: -scope of work -project schedule -contract prices Work should not be performed until after the paperwork is completed and a price agreed by the Contractor and Owner |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Collateral Work: |
Work occurring on or adjacent to the project site which may require coordination with other contractors or entities |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Construction Change Directive: NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD |
Document that contains a complete description of change in the work: -Designates the method used to determined change in contract price or schedule (contractor and owner have NOT yet agreed on a price and time adjustment) Contractor's responsibility includes: -Maintaining detailed records on a T&M basis of work -Submit an itemized accounting and supporting data to substantiate cost & schedule adjustments |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Contract Time Accounting: |
A regular tabulation by the Project Designer of working days remaining in the Contract Period |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Extra Work: |
Work not included in Contract Price due to: -unforeseen conditions -changes created/requested by the Owner, -incomplete Construction Documents |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Liquidated Damages: |
Monetary claim assessed against Contractor by Owner for each working day past completion period of the Contract |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Field Order: |
Minor change in the work which does not change the price or schedule of the contact -Can be ordered by the LA without prior written authorization / change order process -Later written documentation of changes should be provided |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Force Account Work: ??? |
Payment method used for extra work when the Contractor and Owner cannot agree on a price for extra work. Force accounts cover labor, materials, equipment, administration, general superintendence, additional bond, add'l overhead expenses |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Mechanic Liens: |
Claims against the Contractor which are transferable to Owner for materials and services not paid for by the Contractor. Usually brought against the Contractor by subcontractors or material providers. |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Notice to Proceed: |
A document issued by the Owner to the Contractor giving a date to begin construction. This sets the beginning of the Contract Period |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Payment Request: |
Formal request from the Contractor for payment for -work completed -material ordered and delivered. Designer's responsibility to verify -work completed satisfactorily -amount requested is in line with overall percentages of the total construction contract |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Progress Report: |
A regular report to: -the Designer by the Contractor -the Owner by the Designer Outlines current completion status of the project and specific portions of the work Significant part of the basis for progress payments to the Contractor |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Punch List: |
List of corrections, usually minor which must be completed before the Designer will authorize release of the Retainage, and the Owner will accept the work from the Contractor. Document prepared by the Designer after the final inspection once the Contractor has notified the Designer of completion of work. (AIA and CSI currently say this should be prepared by the Contractor) Designer must verify that PunchList items have been completed prior to authorizing final payment. |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology RFI (Request for Information): |
Document submitted by the General Contractor to the Designer requesting : -clarification of the intent of a drawing or specification -decision on an unforeseen condition discovered in the field |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Retainage: |
A percentage of the payments to the Contractor which is held in escrow by the Owner until after final acceptance of the project. Usually amounts to 10% of the value of the completed work |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Shop Drawings: |
Detailed measured drawings provided by the Contractor or his suppliers indicating: -means of placement, fabrication, attachment, finish or other aspects of and item. Often used where the Contractor is given latitude as to method of construction |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Submittals: |
Any item which must be submitted to the Owner's Representative (usually the Designer) for approval. Eg: shop drawings, mock-ups, product samples, product specs, test results |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Unilateral Change Order: |
Issued when time does not permit the changes in price and schedule to be negotiated Changes are estimated by the Owner Contractor is required to proceed immediately on the order based on Owner's estimate (may file a claim for the difference if needed) |
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Construction Administrative Actions and Terminology Working Day: |
Generally any day other than weekends, normal holidays, or days when weather conditions prevent normal construction practices. |
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Construction Quality Control General definition: |
Procedures and methods to assure work is: -Constructed of approved materials -Workmanship is satisfactory -Schedule is maintained -Cost overruns are minimized -All permits, laws, codes and regs are in compliance |
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Construction Quality Control Effective QC requires that the : |
Designer act in a responsible manner and take prompt action on any quality related issues at the proper time. |
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Construction Quality Control The Contractor is responsible for: |
Quality of Materials and Workmanship Cost increases and delays can be caused by material quality issues. Proper storage and handling of materials on site. Improper storage can damage the materials or existing site features. Designer should regularly check on storage measures and procedures. |
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Construction Quality Control LA can verify the quality of materials and workmanship through the following processes: |
Submittals: Contractor provides project literature to the Designer. Submissions must be made in advance of ordering materials. Samples: Contractor provides material samples to the Designer, accompanied by literature and tests when appropriate. Must be submitted in advance of ordering materials. Testing. Usually done prior to delivery to the site, but some tests are conducted after placement and measure installation quality, eg. Strength and compaction tests. Mock Ups: Used as a reference to compare like installations on the site. Show a standard of workmanship eg: concrete finishing, masonry work, etc. Direct Observation: Observation of work being performed that will be covered, eg: -Rolling of subgrade, use of proper fasteners, underground work, etc. |
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Construction Quality Control Types of Testing and Observation - Concrete Slump Test - ASTM C143 (why) |
Most common method of testing concrete Effective: determines suitability of the mix before it is poured, measures relative uniformity of batches Can indicate problems with: -water content -aggregate gradation -temperature -hydration -setting -air content |
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Construction Quality Control Types of Testing and Observation - Concrete Slump Test - ASTM C143 (what,how) |
Slump cones are metal w/ 4" top and 8" bottom hole, 12" tall. 1. Cone is filled with concrete in 3 layers of equal volume 2. Each layer is rodded 25 times w/ steel tamping rod 3. Top is smoothed and the cone lifted vertically off concrete 4. Amt. of slump is measured 5. Greater slump indicates higher water content and lower strength. |
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Construction Quality Control Types of Testing and Observation - Concrete Compression Tests - Cylinder test ASTM C39 |
Typically performed at 7 and 28 days Samples are collected at the site as concrete is delivered or being poured Normal strength: 3000-3500 psi Structural, large vehicle traffic: 5000 psi @ 7 days give early indication of whether concrete will develop required strength Full strength @ 28 days |
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Construction Quality Control Types of Testing and Observation - Concrete Air Content Tests |
In freeze-thaw areas, less than 5-8% of air in the mix can cause spalling (flaking), and lower strength. |
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Construction Quality Control Types of Testing and Observation - Soils compaction Proof Rolling |
Observation of heavy equipment driving over subgrade to see if it deflects (indication of soft soils) |
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Construction Quality Control Types of Testing and Observation - Soils compaction Formal Compaction Tests: |
Performance with ASTM (american society for testing materials) standards. Determine % of compaction reached by sub-grades and aggregate bases. 90-95% required under pavement 80-85% desired under landscaping Testing methods: -Standard Proctor -Modified Proctor |
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Construction Quality Control Types of Testing and Observation - Soils compaction Formal Compaction Tests (why?) |
-removes air space from the soil mass -less likely to shift under loads -limits moisture that can enter the soil or aggregate layers |
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Construction Quality Control Types of Testing and Observation Additional types of tests & observation: |
placement of concrete reinforcement -observation before pouring pressure tests on water & irrigation systems -check for leakage, operational before backfilling soils texture and nutrient testing -determine needs for pH, fertilization, organic matter, texture, porosity, salinity, etc. quality of plant material -circling roots, form, health & vigor, presence of disease or pests |
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Sustainable & Best Management Practices Practices to Improve Sustainability Recycling |
-Reusable concrete forms -Recycling packaging materials -Recycling waste metals -Recycling demolition materials |
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Sustainable & Best Management Practices Practices to Improve Sustainability Construction Site BMPs |
-Proper sequencing of trades and work -Re-use of materials -Control of construction site runoff, dust -Care in use/disposal of liquids (oil, paint, solvent) -Low emission/ well-maintained vehicles & equipment -Protection of existing soils, plants, buildings, and hardscape to remain |
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Sustainable & Best Management Practices Practices to Improve Sustainability Sustainable Land Use Planning & Development Practices: |
-Re-use of previously developed land (not rural or natural) -Use integrated site development process -Higher density development near urban mass transit systems not suburbs -Design for human health and well-being -Plan for long-term sustainable site maintenance -Site planning in conjunction with +Solar access considerations +Preservation of agriculturally productive soils +Minimization of impacts to hydrologic cycle and natural drainage systems -Non-motorized circulation systems -Minimizing vegetation removal -Minimizing earthwork -Use of appropriate plants (low-water, low-fertilizer, site adapted natives) for revegetation -Use of permeable paving materials -Management of stormwater impacts on site -Design to reduce the urban heat island effect |
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Sustainable & Best Management Practices Practices to Improve Sustainability Sustainable Sites Initiative |
INCOMPLETE: www.sustainablesites.org/report/ |
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Sustainable & Best Management Practices Practices to Improve Sustainability Terms: |
Brownfields: Previously developed and contaminated land requiring remediation Greyfields: Previously developed urban or suburban land Greenfields: Undeveloped or agricultural land |
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Landscape Maintenance Maintenance Practices Short Term / Project Guarantee Period: |
90 days- 1 year, tied to Landscape Contractor's work on the project / Maintenance during the project guarantee period begins at planting & includes: -Watering -Weeding -Mowing -Pruning -Fertilizing -Repair of defective Staking and guying -Mulching -Resetting plants that have settled -Replacing dead plants -Pest and disease control -Adjustment of irrigation equipment |
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Landscape Maintenance Long Term: |
Ongoing work after full acceptance of the built project. Involves development and implementation of a maintenance plan. Should set out in detail : -The frequency of maintenance activities -Owner notification requirements -Seasonal activities -Tasks related to outdoor facilities that are not plant related, including: +-trash and litter +sportsfield grooming/seasonal maintenance +pavement cleaning +cleaning and replacement of sand or safety surfacing in play areas -Additional tasks such as: +Tree pruning +Vertical mulching +Aeration and thatch control of turf areas +Leaf raking and collection +Irrigation audits and maintenance +Pest and disease control +Planting of annuals and bulbs, deadheading
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Landscape Maintenance Maintenance Practices Required Equipment: |
Mowers Irrigation equipment parts De-thatchers Leaf blowers Pruning and Chainsaws Wood chippers Soil aerators Hand tools Edgers Weed whackers Employee safety equipment Trucks Sprayers Weed burners Seed drills Hydroseeding equip / Mulch blower Powered sweepers Power washers |
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Landscape Maintenance Maintenance Practices Required Materials: |
Seed Mulch Sand Fertilizers Herbicides / fungicides Compost Dormant oils (horticultural) for pest control Lime or sulphur for pH adjustment Micronutrients |
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Landscape Maintenance Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Definitions / Characteristics |
Sustainable approach to managing pests and plant disease Combines biological, cultural, physical, & chemical tools Minimizes economic, health & environmental risks Site specific, tactics determined by the individual crop/pest/environmental scenario. -Emphasizes reduction in pesticide use Utilizes preventative & alternative decisions Not a single method, but a series of evaluations, decisions, and controls |
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Landscape Maintenance Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Four-tiered approach: |
Set action thresholds (before taking action): Levels at which pest become an economic threat Monitor & Identify Pests: (Weeds, pests, and other organisms) -ID accurately for effective controls Prevention: -Manage the crop, lawn, or indoor spaces to prevent pests from becoming a threat.Eg: +Crop rotation +Selection of pest-resistant species +planting pest-free rootstock Very minimal risk to people/environment Control: Evaluation of available control methods for effectiveness and risk. 1.Lower-risk controls are utilized first, eg: +targeted chemicals (pheremones) +mechanical control (trapping / weeding) 2.Higher-risk approaches are taken only when other options are unsuccessful (eg. pesticides). Broadcast spraying of non-specific pesticides is a last resort. |
