Language Science Test 2

Front 1

Including ______ complicates estimation of the size of the mental lexicon

Back 1

morphology

Front 2

In the Bock and Levelt spreading activation model, the ______ level captures the phonological properties of a word

Back 2

lexeme

Front 3

MacKay (1978) found that the time to take a verb and produce a related noun was longest for words with the suffix:

Back 3

ion, as in decision

Front 4

In a lexical decision experiment, a participant must decide:

Back 4

whether a letter string is a word

Front 5

Studies of lexical ambiguity suggest which of the following conclusions?

Back 5

we automatically activate all meanings of ambiguous words regardless of context

we are more likely to activate the meaning that is relevant to the current context, especially if that is the dominant meaning

Front 6

The fact that the term "spinster" tends to convey the notion of a person that is old and stodgy is part of the term's:

Back 6

connotation

Front 7

A word-initial cohort is activated by the ______ of the input

Back 7

acoustic-phonetic analysis

Front 8

The model lexical access that was specifically designed to account for auditory word recognition was the :

Back 8

cohort model

Front 9

The class of models that assumes that words are represented in the internal lexicon within a network of interconnecting nodes is called:

Back 9

spreading activation models

Front 10

_________are involved when a bound morpheme is added to a free morpheme to create new words, such as "-ness" turning "good" (an adj.) into "goodness" (a noun)

Back 10

derivational mrorphemes

Front 11

In spreading activation model, the process of lexical access begins with:

Back 11

activation of a single node

Front 12

When experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, people typically remember words that_______ the word they can't retrieve

Back 12

sounds like

Front 13

Lexical hierarchies contain _______, in which most of the distinguishing attributes of a concept are assigned

Back 13

basic level terms

Front 14

The representation of words in permanent memory is referred to as:

Back 14

internal lexicon

Front 15

_____ occurs when a word presented earlier activates a word with a related meaning

Back 15

semantic priming

Front 16

a cognitive structure that represents an aspect of our environment is known as a:

Back 16

mental model

Front 17

the results of foss's phoneme-monitoring study suggested that:

Back 17

we access the meanings of an ambiguous word all at once

Front 18

In the priming study of Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971) the time needed to classify a target (Such as 'butter') as either a word or a nonword varied with :

Back 18

the presentation of a semantically related word just prior to the target

Front 19

The typicality effect:

Back 19

is inconsistent with the original Collins and Quillian model

Front 20

A word's place in a system of relationships with other words in the vocabulary is called its:

Back 20

sense

Front 21

Agrammatic patients seem to have particular difficulty with:

Back 21

closed class words

Front 22

The process by which we activate meanings from the internal lexicon is called:

Back 22

lexical access

Front 23

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon reveals how words in the mental lexicon are organized:

Back 23

phonologically

Front 24

A subject has to immediately respond to a particular sound in a :

Back 24

phoneme-monitoring task

Front 25

The relationship between words and things in the world is the ____ of a word

Back 25

reference

Front 26

The principle that prevents lexical information from being stored redundantly is called

Back 26

cognitive economy

Front 27

In the sentence 'John found a bat in the attic' the word bat is :

Back 27

lexically ambiguous

Front 28

In order to preserve cognitive economy, Collins and Quillian suggested that we store semantic information

Back 28

only at the highest possible node

Front 29

Modular views of parsing claim that:

Back 29

syntax is processed before semantics and pragmatics

Front 30

The view that we use all available information--syntactic, lexical, discourse, and so on--in our initial parsing of a sentence defines the ____model of parsing

Back 30

constraint-based

Front 31

The convention of ___states that we should aim to make our contributions relevant to the ongoing conversation

Back 31

relation

Front 32

_____ means one thing literally but is taken to mean something different

Back 32

figurative language

Front 33

The sentence, "the florist who sent the flowers was very pleased' is grammatical because it contains as

Back 33

embedded relative clause

Front 34

Studies of the comprehension of indirect speech acts have led to the conclusion that:

Back 34

indirect speech acts are no easier or harder to comprehend than direct speech acts

Front 35

Frazier and Rayner (1982) found evidence for the ____ strategy, showing that we prefer attaching new items into the phrase marker being constructed using the fewest syntactic nodes possible

Back 35

minimal attachment

Front 36

The effect of an utterance on a listener is its ____ effect

Back 36

perlocutionary

Front 37

Which of the following are thematic roles in a sentence

Back 37

agent and recipient

Front 38

The convention of ___ states that we should make our contribution as informative as is required, but not more informative than is required

Back 38

quantity

Front 39

In the sentence, "Tome said that Bill had taken the cleaning out yesterday" we tend to attach the adverb 'yesterday' to 'Bill had taken', rather than 'Tom said'. This is an example of the :

Back 39

late closure strategy

Front 40

_____ is the process of relating incoming information to information already stored in permanent memory

Back 40

elaboration

Front 41

Which of the following results did Sachs (1967) obtain regarding the retention of sentence meaning and form?

Back 41

over time form deteriorated; meaning remained stable

Front 42

The view that we comprehend figurative language by first identifying the literal meaning and then inferring the intended meaning is found in the __ theory

Back 42

pragmatic

Front 43

Ortony (1975) suggested that we use ____ to communicate experiential information that is otherwise difficult to express

Back 43

metaphor

Front 44

A proposition is:

Back 44

a unit of meaning containing a predicate and one or more arguments

Front 45

In the metaphor 'billboards are warts on the landscape', the vehicle is

Back 45

warts

Front 46

the late closure strategy of parsing states that

Back 46

we prefer to attach new items to the current constituent

Front 47

Just and Carpenter (1992) found evidence that:

Back 47

individual differences in working memory capacity affect language processing abilities

Front 48

Christianson and colleagues (2001) presented participants with sentences such as 'while Anna dressed the baby played in the crib' and found that many participants

Back 48

never actually comprehended the sentences accurately

Front 49

Which of the following is a conceptual metaphor?

Back 49

love is a journey

Front 50

a speech act serves

Back 50

to serve as an action

Front 51

A criticism of the pragmatic theory of figurative language comprehension is that

Back 51

people can comprehend a figurative meaning even if the literal meaning is acceptable

Front 52

In the metaphor "Billboards are warts on the landscape" the tenor is

Back 52

billboards

Front 53

Studies of metaphor comprehension converge on the conclusion that comprehension of metaphorical sentences is ___ comprehension of literal sentences

Back 53

fundamentally similar to

Front 54

The process of assigning elements of the surface structure to linguistic categories is referred to as:

Back 54

parsing

Front 55

According to the text discussion, the best overall comprehension strategy when faced with unfamiliar material is to:

Back 55

pay close attention to local discourse

Front 56

The difficulty of reading passages has been found to depend on:

Back 56

the distance of an antecedent to an anaphor

Front 57

Memory for __ shows the least forgetting over time

Back 57

situations

Front 58

Which of the following are strategies for establishing coherence?

Back 58

given/new, direct matching, and reinstating old information

Front 59

The three representations of discourse are

Back 59

propositional, surface, and situational

Front 60

McKoon and Ratliff's (1980) study of spreading activation showed that the greatest degree of priming was between propositions

Back 60

close in the discourse structure

Front 61

Kintsch and Keenan (1973) found that sentences with more propositions ____ than those with fewer propositions

Back 61

take longer to read

Front 62

Anomalous suspense occurs when:

Back 62

we find a novel suspenseful even when we know how it turns out

Front 63

Cross-cultural investigations of story recall have found that:

Back 63

recall patterns are very similar across cultures

Front 64

By replacing (rather than repeating) a lexical item in a sentence, we are using the form of cohesion known as

Back 64

ellipsis

Front 65

Studies of the role of titles in text comprehension have shown that:

Back 65

titles orient readers to particular aspects of a passage

Front 66

Palincsar and Brown (1984) were able to demonstrate substantial increases in student reading comprehension when:

Back 66

the students were taught to formulate questions that addressed the important points of the text

Front 67

A structure in semantic memory that specifies the general or expected arrangement of a body of information is called a:

Back 67

schema

Front 68

Perrig and Kintsch (1985) found that when a text used sentences such as "North of the highway just east of the river is a gas station", subjects were more likely to store the text in the form of:

Back 68

a situational model

Front 69

According to the text discussion, students might have difficulty remembering the most important points in a lecture because:

Back 69

students lack a relevant schema for unfamiliar material

Front 70

Reder and Anderson (1980) compared recall of standard passages with recall of passages with many details omitted. They found that retention was:

Back 70

best when the details were omitted

Front 71

The distinction between direct matching and bridging is that in bridging:

Back 71

the reference is to material that must be inferred

Front 72

______ connects individual sentences and ideas in a discourse

Back 72

macrostructure

Front 73

The strategy likely to be used to comprehend the sentences "Last Christmas Eugene went to a lot of parties. This Christmas he got very drunk again" is:

Back 73

reinstatement

Front 74

Inferences that are drawn during discourse comprehension:

Back 74

Are necessary for processing discourse effectively

Front 75

Jarvella (1971) presented individuals with a long oral passage, interrupted it at irregular intervals, and had them write down as much of the preceding discourse as they could, verbatim. The results showed that the percentage of correct recall of a clause was greater if:

Back 75

it was part of the current sentence as opposed to the preceding sentence

Front 76

Studies of the processing of episodes have found that

Back 76

we tend to remember episodes in an all-or-none fashion