• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/33

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Semantics

The study of meaning in language

Syntax

The set of rule that determine how words are combined to make phrases and sentences.

Thinking

Is defined as the manipulation of mental representations.

Cognition

Includes the mental activities involved in the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of knowledge.

Concept

Is a label that represents a class or group og objects, people, or events that share common characteristics or qualities.

Mental imagery

Refers to mental representations of things that are not physically present.

Cognitive maps

Contain our mental images of what is where.

Reasoning

Involves transforming information to reach a conclusion.

Inductive reasoning

Involves reasoning from the specific to the general

Deductive reasoning

Is reasoning from the general to the specific.

Logical reasoning

Includes mental procedures that yield cvalid conclusions.

Problem solving

Is the mental activity used when we want to reach a certain goal that is not readily available.

Problem solving includes

Understanding the problem


Planning a solution


Carrying out the solution


Evaluating the results

Algorithms

Every possible solution is explored

Heuristics

"Rules of thumb" or shortcuts that help solve problems.

Subgoals or means-end analysis

Intermediate steps to help solving a problem.

Analogy

Solution to an earlier problem is used to help solve current problem.

Working backwards

For a problem with well-specified goal, you begin at the goal and work backwards.

Expert systems or artificial intelligence

Computer programs that solve specific problems.

Incubation

Putting the problem aside for a while and engaging in some other activity before returning to the problem.

Trial and Error

One solution after another is tried in no particular order until a solution is found.

Functional fixedness

The inability to solve a problem because the function we assign to objects tends to remain fixed or stable.

Mental set

Tendency to persist with old patterns for problem solving even when they are not successful.

Confirmation bias

Tendency to confirm rather than refute a problem's hypothesis even when there is strong evidence that the hypothesis is wrong.

Creative problem solving

Involves coming up with a solution that is both unusual and useful.

Divergent thinking

Or thinking that produces many different correct answers to the same problem or question.

Decision making

Requires you to make a choice about the likelihood of certain events.

The availability heuristic

Involves judging the probability of an event by how easily examples of the event come to mind.

The representativeness heuristic

Occurs when you decide whether the sample you are judging matches the appropriate prototype.

The anchoring heuristic

Occurs when you estimate an event's probability of occurrence and then make adjustments to that estimate based on additional information.

The additive model

Is another method for decision making. It occurs when we rate the attributes of each alternative and then select the alternative that has the highest sum of ratings.

Compensatory methods

Allow attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive attributes

Noncompensatory methods

Do not allow some attributes to compensate for others. One bad rating results in eliminating that alternative.