Language And Its Disorders

Front 1

Language development:
When does babbling start?
Full sentences?
infants recognize own name?
focus on phonetic properties of language(s)?

Back 1

-6 mos
-3 yrs
-4.5 mos
-1 yr

Front 2

how many words at:
6 yrs
hs graduation
med school

Back 2

-13k
-60k
-1 million

Front 3

When does 2nd language acquisition ability begin to drop off?

Back 3

3-7 years

Front 4

When is the "sensitive period" for phonetic learning?

Back 4

Between 8 and 10 months. The brain is a sponge for phonetics in this period. At 12 months, it really begins to shift to the primary language(s) of exposure.

Front 5

Where's the brain most asymmetric?

Back 5

Around the Sylvian fissure.

Front 6

Compared to the left side, the right Sylvian fissure is:

Back 6

-anterior and dorsal
-a region just posterior to the sylvian fissure is deeper on the right; a region just anterior is deeper on the left.

Front 7

Asymmetric hemispheric specializations--
right side?

Back 7

-Emotional, spatial, artistic, intuitive, nonverbal
-prosodic features of speech and language

Front 8

Asymmetric hemispheric specializations--
left side?

Back 8

-Verbal, intellectual, rational, analytical
-grammar and lexicon of speech and language

Front 9

Asymmetry in the brain--planum temporale:

Back 9

bigger on the left side.

Front 10

What 3 key functions does the left hemisphere control in the vast majority of people?

Back 10

-reading, speaking, and writing.

Front 11

Observations/procedures regarding what 5 things serve as evidence for language asymmetry in the brain:

Back 11

-brain stimulation
-effects of lesions, strokes
-the Wada test
-effects of seizures
-studies of split-brain patients

Front 12

aphasia: 4 key points

Back 12

-partial or complete loss of language abilities following brain damage

-often without loss of other cognitive or sensory abilities or the ability to move muscles necessary for speech.

-usually little regard for sphere in which it is expressed (speech, reading, writing)

-can include impairment of language comprehension, production, or both

Front 13

Describe the following in Nonfluent aphasia:
quantity
quality
production
phrase length
melodic line
content
paraphasia
comprehension

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quantity- sparse
quality- dysarthric (poor articulation)
production- effortful
phrase length- short
melodic line- dysprosodic
content- substantive only, no structure
paraphasia- infrequent
comprehension- spared

Front 14

Describe the following in Fluent aphasia:
quantity
quality
production
phrase length
melodic line
content
paraphasia
comprehension

Back 14

quantity- normal
quality- normal
production- normal ease
phrase length- normal to excessive
melodic line- normal
content- empty, no substance
paraphasia- frequent
comprehension- seriously impaired

Front 15

Broca's + Wernicke's =

Back 15

GLOBAL APHASIA, COMING AT YOU FROM ASIAAAAAAA.

Front 16

Where's the lesion in Broca's? What other problems can you get as a result of this?

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-Near the posterior end of the inferior frontal gyrus--in Broca's area.
-Right hemiplegia involving face and arm
-May superimpose dysarthria on the aphasia.
-Writing may also be impaired by the motor deficit.

Front 17

Is patient aware of a problem in Broca's aphasia?

Back 17

oh yes

Front 18

Logorrhea describes:

Back 18

plentiful quantity of words in fluent (W) aphasia.

Front 19

In fluent aphasia, do pts know they are jacked up?

What's their mood like?

Back 19

-no clue they're messed up
-euphoric, undisturbed

Front 20

Differences between deaf and normal hearing people suffering from the two main types of aphasias?

Back 20

-It's basically the same. Deaf folks suffer the same way, and fMRI shows their brain light up in the same places when they try to sign

-One difference is that language areas in signing are often bilateral.

Front 21

Describe the flow of information hearing--speaking in the Wernicke-Geschwind model:

is this accurate?

Back 21

Auditory cortex - Wernicke's area - Angular gyrus - Broca's area (via arcuate fasciculus) - Motor cortex

*grossly oversimplified

Front 22

Describe the flow of information reading--speaking in the Wernicke-Geschwind model:

is this accurate?

Back 22

Primary visual cortex - Angular gyrus - Wernicke's area - Broca's area - Motor cortex

*grossly oversimplified

Front 23

Key points of a more contemporary model for language comprehension?

Back 23

-Prosody, accentuation, and intonation are processed on right side of brain, posterior side of lateral sulcus.

-Syntax, grammar, semantics, and integration occur on the left side, posterior side of lateral sulcus.

Front 24

Describe conduction aphasia:

Back 24

-a form of disconnection syndrome

-arcuate fasciculus lesion (in the surrounding cortex as well); deep lesion that interrupts connection b/t W and B areas.

-comprehension is good, speech is fluent, patient can express himself well with speech but is paraphasic; affect appropriate

-primary deficit is in repetition of words; also trouble naming pictures and objects

Front 25

Describe alexia without agraphia:

where's the lesion?

Back 25

-example of a disconnection syndrome

-patient can write, but cannot read

-lesion restricted to left primary visual cortex (left occipital), splenium of corpus callosum

-associated with right homonymous hemianopia; writing is seen only by right hemisphere, which is disconnected from language areas in left hemisphere.

-analogous to pure word deafness.

Front 26

two disconnection syndromes:

Back 26

conduction aphasia and alexia w/o agraphia.

Front 27

Alexia

Back 27

loss of the ability to read a written language. Alexia is not the same as illiteracy.

Front 28

Agraphia

Back 28

loss of the ability to write in a language. agraphia must be distinguished from illiteracy.

Front 29

Anomia

why can it be confusing to a physician?

Back 29

-a deficiency in recalling the names of familiar objects which are clearly recognized, i.e., the patient can illustrate their function.

-Naming disorders are the least localizing and specific of the clinical features of aphasia. They occur in almost all aphasics, but also in dementia and confusional states.

Front 30

what causes mutism?
is it a language disturbance?

Back 30

-can arise in psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, hysteria), metabolic diseases affecting the brain (dehydration, uremia intoxication), dementing disorders (Jacob-Creutzfeldt, Huntington's disease), and focal neurologic disease (pseudobulbar palsy, multiple lacunar infarcts of the basal ganglia, post thalamotomy, akinetic mutism).

-NOT a language disturbance

Front 31

dysarthria

Back 31

Deficient motor control of the muscles involved in
speech production without concomitant weakness in the musculature itself is called dysarthria.

Some refer to this as a form of apraxia.

Front 32

What stroke advantage do left handers have?

Back 32

-Tend to recover more, although their language areas are on the same side as right handers.

Front 33

What stroke advantage do females have? Why?

Back 33

May recover better from left hemisphere lesions.

May not have the same degree of hemispheric specialization.

Front 34

planum temporale:

where is it?
What does it do?

Back 34

-The superior aspect of the temporal lobe contains a region known as the planum temporale which lies between Heschl's gyrus and the parietal lobe. This region is distinctly larger in the left than in the right hemisphere.

-Thought to be important in language performance.

Front 35

Other names for non-fluent aphasia:

Back 35

also called expressive aphasia, motor aphasia, Broca's aphasia, anterior aphasia

Front 36

How are musical tasks in non fluent aphasia?
Affect?
Reading?
Writing?

Back 36

-Normal
-Normal
-intact, but laborious
-impaired like speech is

Front 37

paraphasia:

what kind of aphasia is it in?

Back 37

introduction of incorrect sounds or words; e.g. booth instead of tooth, donner instead of dinner

W aphasia

Front 38

How is affect in fluent aphasia?
Writing?
Reading?

Back 38

-inappropriate
-impaired, like speech is
-impaired, poor comprehension

Front 39

how can you differentiate fluent aphasia from schizophrenia?

Back 39

Age!

Front 40

where's the lesion in fluent aphasia?

What "side effects" might there be a result of this location?

Back 40

W area--a lesion of the posterior superior temporal gyrus

Can get some quadrantanopia up in there due to damage to Meyer's loop.

Front 41

Describe mixed and global aphasias:

Back 41

Shortly following a cerebrovascular accident a patient may show combinations of fluent, non-fluent, and conduction aphasias. As time passes this global aphasia
usually resolves toward one pattern but may retain characteristics of the various types. Global aphasics are usually severely impaired in all modalities.

Front 42

Pure word deafness

Back 42

A specific form of language disturbance resulting from disconnection of a sensory receiving area from the language processing areas. This is a disconnection syndrome.

Front 43

Describe alexia with agraphia:

where's the lesion?

Back 43

-Speech is relatively intact.

-The major deficit is in translating written visual material into spoken language or language into writing.

-The lesion is often in the angular gyrus which lies at the crossroads of connections between visual, auditory and somatic sensory cortices.

Front 44

Why would you cut the corpus callosum and AWC?

What bad effect will that have?

Back 44

Intractable seizures.

Disconnects hemispheres from each other and causes alien hand syndrome.

-Patients are unable to name objects placed in their left hands, though they can identify them in other ways indicating recognition.

-They are unable to read words flashed into the left visual field.

-They are unable to carry out movements of the left hand on verbal command but may carry these out spontaneously (this is a form of apraxia).

-Since hemispheres may function independently, this can cause the troublesome alien hand.

Front 45

Heschl's gyrus:

Back 45

Transverse temporal gyri, primary auditory cortex. buried within lateral sulcus.

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