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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the 5 spelling stages.
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Pre-phonemic, semi-phonemic, phonetic, transitional and conventional.
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Describe the pre-phonemic spelling stage.
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The child imitates writing, mainly by scribbling and using pretend writing.
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Describe the semi-phonemic spelling stage.
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The child links letter shapes and sounds.
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Describe the phonetic spelling stage.
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The child has to understand that all phonemes can be represented by graphemes. Words become more complete.
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Describe the transitional spelling stage.
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The child combines phonic knowledge with visual memories, an awareness of combinations of letter and letter patterns, including the magic 'e' rule.
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Describe the conventional spelling stage,
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Spelling is mostly correct.
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What are the 7 main spelling mistakes a child makes?
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Insertion, omission, substitution, transposition, phonetic spelling, over/under generalisation of spelling rules and salient (key) sounds.
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Define insertion.
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Insertion is the addition of extra letters.
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Define omission.
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Omission is the leaving out of some letters.
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Define substitution.
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Substitution is the swapping of one letter for another.
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Define transposition.
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Transposition is the reversal of the correct order of letters for another.
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Define phonetic spelling.
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Phonetic spelling is using sound awareness to guess letters and combinations of letters.
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Define over/under generalisation of spelling rules.
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Over generalisation of a rule where is not appropriate to apply it.
Under generalisation of a rule by only applying it in one specific context. |
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Define salient (key) sounds.
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Salient sounds is writing only the key sounds of a word.
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Define cursive handwriting.
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Handwriting that is joined together. This doesn't have to be every letter and it is different for every child.
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Define convergence.
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When a person alters their language to fit in with others around them.
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Define emergent writing.
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Emergent writing is the start of children's writing and comes in the form of scribble.
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Define ascenders and descenders.
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Ascenders are letters that rise about normal letter height.
Descenders are letters that sink lower than the normal base line. |
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Define orthography.
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Orthography is the study of spelling and the use of letters.
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Define lineation.
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Lineation is the ability to write in a straight line with consistency in spacing and letter size.
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Name and describe Rothery's four styles of writing.
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Observation/comment: The writer makes an observation and then either follows or blends in a comment about the observation.
Recount: Usually in chronological order and normally from a person point of view. Report: A factual and more objective response and usually non-chronological. Narrative: |
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In order to be able to write a child needs:
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Use of sentences for meaning (grammar)
Social conventions (pragmatics) Cohesive structure (discourse) Layout of text (graphology) Variation in language to suit purpose (register) Graphemes that relate to phonemes (phonology) |
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Name the 7 stages of writing.
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1. Drawing
2. Letter-like formations 3. Copied letters 4 Own name and strings of letters 5. Words 6. Sentences 7. Text |
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Name and describe Britton's three modes of children's writing.
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Expressive: This resembles speech. Usually a personal recount in the first person.
Poetic: Develops gradually but is started at an early age. Encourages phonological features. Transactional: The last style to develop. It has a more detached tone and an academic style. |
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Name and describe Perera's two types of writing.
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Chronological: easier as it relies on use of connectives and verbs to progress story.
Non-chronological: this is considered harder as it is not as structured. |
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Name and describe Barclay's first stage of writing development.
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Stage 1: Scribbling. Random markings on the page. The "writing" and scribbling is accompanied by speech.
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Name and describe Barclay's second stage of writing development.
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Stage 2: Mock Handwriting. Writing and drawings. Children produce wavy lines which is their understanding on lineation. Cursive handwriting appears.
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Name and describe Barclay's third stage of writing development.
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Stage 3: Mock Letters. Letters become their own separate things - and become almost identifiable.
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Name and describe Barclay's fourth stage of writing development.
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Stage 4: Conventional Letters. This usually involves writing the name as the first word. The child usually puts letters on a a page but is able to read it as words.
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Name and describe Barclay's fifth stage of writing development.
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Stage 5: Invented Spelling. The child puts letters together to make words but spell in a way that they understand.
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Name and describe Barclay's sixth stage of writing development.
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Stage 6: Appropriate/Phonetic Spelling. Child attaches spelling with phonemes and sounds.
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Name and describe Barclay's seventh stage of writing development.
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Stage 7: Correct Spelling. Child is able to spell most words correctly.
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Name Kroll's 4 stages of development.
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Preparation, consolidation, differentiation, integration.
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Name and describe Kroll's first stage of development.
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Stage 1: Preperation. Up to 6 years. Basic motor skills are acquired alongside some principles of spelling.
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Name and describe Kroll's second stage of development.
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Stage 2: Consolidation. 7 to 8 years. Writing is similar to spoken language (including a more causal, colloquial register, unfinished sentences and strings of clauses joined by the conjunction of "and").
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Name and describe Kroll's third stage of development.
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Stage 3: Differentiation. 9 to 10 years. An awareness of writing being separate from speech emerges. A stronger understanding of writing for different purposes and audiences is evident and becomes more automatic.
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Name and describe Kroll's fourth stage of development.
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Stage 4: Integration. Mid teens. This stage heralds the personal voice in writing as it is characterised by evidence of controlled writing, with appropriate linguistic choices being made constantly.
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