Laboratory Proceedures

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The perferred anticougulant for hematology studies is

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EDTA

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The preferred anticoagulant for blood coagulation studies is

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Sodiun Citrate

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The anticoagulant that is also used to preserve glucose is

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sodium fluoride

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The voulmne that can be contained in each of the nine large squares of the Neubauer ruling on the hemocytometer grid is

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0.1uL 1/100

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The percentage of whole blood that is composed of erythrocytes is the

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PCV - packed cell volumne

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The ratio(percentage) of weight of hemoglobin to the volume in which it is contained is the

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MCHC - Mean corpuscle hemoglobin concentration - average hb in each rbc

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The term that describes an increase in immature cells on the peripheral blood film is

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left shift -

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An anucleated immature RBC seen in the peripheral blood of some mammals is a

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reticulocyte -

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Areas of denatured hemoglobin that appear as clear zones in mature RBCs represent

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Heinz Bodies

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A RBC with a central area of pigment surrounded by a clear area and then a dense ring of peripheral cytoplasm is a (target)

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Leptocyte - nonregenerative anemia

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A cell seen in bone marrow smears that is characterized by perinuclear clear area around the eccentrically located nucleus and distinctly basophilic cytoplasm us a

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Plasma cell (osteoclast)

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The largest cell seen in bone marrow smears and characterized by multiple fused nuclei is a

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Megakaryocyte - responsible for production of blood platelets

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A coagulation test that uses a tube containing diatomaceous earth is a

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ACT - Activated cogulation time

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A coagulation test that evaluates the extrinsic coagulation pathway

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Prothrombin time - the time it takes plasma to clot after addition of tissue factor

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d-Dimer and fibrin degradation product tests can be used to evaluate

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tertiary homestatus - formation of plasmin, which is the main enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis (breakdown of the clot).

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The PIVKA test can be used to evaluate - Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Antagonism or Absence

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anticougulant rodenticide toxicity

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A bone marrow aspirate sample from an adult dog containing approximately 50% nucleated cells and 50% fat is described as

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Normal

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A bone marrow aspirate sample from a geriatric dog containing approxinately 50% nucleated cells and 50% fat is described as

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hypercellular

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Rod shaped bacteria are described as

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bacillus

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the term used to describe the temperature requirement of most pathogenic bacteria is

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mesophile - 77 to 104 degrees F

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Bacteria that are killed in the presence of 02 or whose growth is inhibited in the presence of 02

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Obligate anaerobes

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the most appropriate specimens for bacterial culture are collected

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from sites that are normally free of bacteria

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Acid-fast stain is used to identify

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Mycobacterium and Norcardia

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Flourescet stain is used to identify

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Legionella and Pseudomonas

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During which phase of bacterial growth do endospored get formed

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Decline phase

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What color do gram-positive organisms appear after a Gram stain

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Purple

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Organisms that exibit a Gram - variable reaction should be evaluated byu the

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KOH test
KOH + (Gram -);bacteria will be viscous and form a mucoid string in 15 sec.
KOH - (Gram +);bacteria do not become viscous or form mucoid strings in 15 sec

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partial hemolysis on a blood agar that creates a narrow band of greenish or slimy discoloration around a bacterial colony is termed

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Alpha hemolysis -
Alpha hemolysis is caused by hydrogen peroxide produced by the bacterium, oxidizing hemoglobin to green methemoglobin.

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Complete hemolysis that creates a clear zone around the bacterial colony on blood agar is termed

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Beta hemolysis

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A selective and differential media that supresses growth of gram-positive bacteria is

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MacConkey

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A liquid medium used to culture anaerobic bacteria and determine the oxygen tolerance of microbes is

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thioglycolate

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Sabourand dextrose media is used for culture of

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yeasts

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Which test uses hydrogen peroxide reagent

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catalase test

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the test used to differentiate between Staphylocuccus anureus and Staphlococcus epidermis is the

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coagulase test

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Which bacterium is pleomorphic

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Mycoplasma

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The perferred media for antibiotic sensitivity testing is

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Mueller-Hinton

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Application of undiluted urine sample to a culture plate is referred to as

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direct sensitivity test

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Recovery of anaerobic bacteria may be reduced if are used to collect the sample

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cotton swabs

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After sensitivity testing the antibiotic to use for treatment is chosen on the basis of

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comparison of the zone of inhibition with standard listing if inhibitory zones

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A bacterial colony count may be useful of in the evaluation of

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Urinary tract infection

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The preferred specimen for dermatophyte testing is

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hairs plucked from the lesion periphery

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which type of urine sample is used for urine fulture

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Cystocentesis

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Which urine crystal is most likely to form in dogs with ethylene glycol toxicity

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Calcium oxalate monohydrate

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Which urine crystal is likely to be seen in urine from Dalmation dogs

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Uric acid

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An appropiate method to differentiate hemoglobinuria from hematuria is

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microscopic examination of sediment; RBS's in the sediment indicate hematuria

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ELISA is an acronym for

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

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Which stain is used to best visualize Giardia spp.

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Iodine

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The sone of inhibition is measured in when performing antibitotic susceptilility testing

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millimeters

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If a 1:1 dilution is made, the new results must be multiplied by

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Two

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tHE SCANNING OBJECTIVE ON A BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE

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SHOULD ALWAYS BE USED TO FOCUS AND ORIENT ONESELF WHEN READING A SLIDE

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An object viewed through a microscope having a 10x ocular lens and a 40x objective lens has a total magnification of

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400

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The ability to obtain the same results with repeated testing of the same sample is referred to as

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precision

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A biologic solution an analytes with known concentrations used to verify accuracy of results is the

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control

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A type of analyzer that counts cells on the basis of their size and density is

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lazer based

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a type of analyzer that uses specific electrodes that are configured to allow interaction with just one ion is

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electrochemical

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The preferred anticoagulant for hematology is

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EDTA - purple top

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The preferred anticoagulant for blood coagulation studies is

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sodium citrate - blue top

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The percentage of whole blood that is composed of erythrocytes is the

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PCV - packed cell volumne

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The ratio(%) of weight of hemoglobin to the volumne in which itiis contained is the

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MCHC - wt to volume

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A RBC with central area of pigment surronded by a clear area and then dense fing of peripheral cytoplans is

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leptocyte (target cell)

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A cell seen in bone marrow smears that is characterized by perinuclear clear area around the eccentrically located nucleus and distinctly basophilin cytoplasn is a

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plasma cell

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A coagulation test that uses a tube containing diatomaceous earth is

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bleeding time

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A coagulation test that evaluates the extrinsic coagulation pathway is the

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prothrombin time

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d-Dimer and fibrin degradatuon product tests can be used to evaluste

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tertiary hemostasis

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the PIVKA test can be used to evaluate

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anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity

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The enzyme found both free in the cytoplasm and bound to the mitochondrial membrane that may be elecated with liver disease or muscle injury is

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AST - Testing for AST is usually used to detect liver damage.

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The enzyme that can be used to evaluate muscular damage is

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creatine kinase - usually used to detect heart or muscle injury

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The most commonly used tests of kidney function in dogs are

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BUN and creatinine

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The most commonly used tests for pancreatitis in dogs are

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amylase and lipase

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The perferred measurement for detection of pancreatitis in cats is

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serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity

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A test used in dogs and cats that provides an indication of the average glucose concentration over a 1- to 2- week period

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fructosamine -fructosamine allows the effectiveness of diet or medication adjustments to be evaluated after a couple of weeks rather than months

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The most common cause of excess blood cortisol is

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misuse of glucocorticoid therapy

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Hypernatremia refers toan elevated blood level of

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sodium

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the primary intracellular cation commonly measured in veterinary species is

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potassium K

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Complete hemolysis that creates a clear zone around the bacterial colony on blood agar is termed

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Beta hemolysis

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A selective and differential media that suppresses growth of gram-positive bacteria is

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MacConkey

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Sabouraud dextrose media is used for culture of

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yeasts

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Which bacterium is pleomorphic

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Mycoplasma

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The perferred media for antibiotic sensitivbity testing is

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Mueller-Hinton

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Which of the following is a component of adaptive immunity

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Complement

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n antigen-antibody reaction that results in the formation of insoluble particles

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precipitation

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The procedure for a major cross-matching og blood involves incubation of

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recipient serum with donor cells

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For detection of specific antigen, the solid phase of an ELISA test contains

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antibody

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A condition characterized by production of antibody against the body's own tissues is referred to as

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autoimmunity

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Exfoliative cytology refers to the study of

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cells shed from the body

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The preferred method of sample preparation for a highly viscous sample is

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starfish smear

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The preferred method of sample preparation for a sample with very low cellularity is

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line smear

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A sample containing greater that 85% neutrophilis is described as

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suppurative

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A sample containing greater than 15% machrophages is described as

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polygranulomatous

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An unusual variation in the size of nuclei in a cytology sample is termed

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anisonucleosis

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A type of tumor that is usually highly cellular and normally exfoliates in clusters is called

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epithelial cell carcinoma

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A plasma cell containing secretory vesicles of immunoglobulin is referred to as a

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mott cell

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Cell type is predominant during estrus

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Cornified squamous spithelial cells