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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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RBC
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Red Blood Cell Count
Men 4.7-6.1 Women 4.2-5.4 |
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Red Blood Count
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-production stimulated by erythropoietin
-removed by spleen -increased: high alt, congenital HD, dehydration -decreased: hemorrhage, hemolysis, anemia, renal failure, overhydration |
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Hgb
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Hemoglobin
Men 14-18 g/dl Women 12-16 g/dl *elderly may be slightly increased |
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Hemoglobin
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-vehicle for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
-decreased: anemia, hemorrhaging, hemolysis, kidney disease, -increased- high alt, pregnancy, COPD, CHF, burns, dehydration |
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Hct
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Hematocrit
Men 42-52% Women 37-47% *elderly may be slightly increased |
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Hematocrit
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-percentage of total blood volume that is made up by RBC
-decreased: anemia, hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis, hemorrhage -increased: COPD, dehydration, diarrhea, burns, |
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MCV
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Mean corpuscular volume (RBC indice)
Men and Women 80-95 |
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Mean corpuscular volume
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average volume or size of RBC
-abnormally small in: iron deficieny anemia, thalassemia -abnormally large in: liver disease, alcoholism, megaloblastic anemias |
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MCH
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (RBC indice)
Men and Women 27-31 pg |
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
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-average weight of RBC
-abnormally small in: iron deficieny anemia, thalassemia -abnormally large in: megloblastic anemia |
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MCHC
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (RBC indice)
Men and Women 32-36 g/dl |
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
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-average hemoglobin concentration or % within a single RBC
-hypochromic- iron deficient anemia or thalassemia |
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RDW
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RBC distribution width (RBC indice)
Men and Women 11-14.5% |
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RBC distribution width
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size of RBC
-helps classify types of anemia |
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WBC
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White Blood Cell Count
Men and Women 5,000-10,000/mm3 |
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White blood cell count and differential count
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-total number of leukocytes in 1 mm3 of peripheral venous blood
-differential: percentage of each type of leukocytes present -decrease: bone marrow failure, drug toxicity -increase: infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis, stress, trauma, pregnancy |
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ANC
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Absolute neutrophil count
-in WBC count -determines risk of infection <1,000 severly immunocompromised, isolation required |
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Neutrophil Count
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-in WBC count
-main defender against infection and antigens Men and Women 48-73% -high levels may indicate active infection |
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Lymphocyte Count
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-in WBC count
-Men and Women 18-48% -elevated levels may indicate viral infection |
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Monocyte Count
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-in WBC count
-Men and Women 0-9% -elevated levels seen in tissue breakdown or chronic infections |
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Eosinophil count
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-in WBC count
-Men and Women 0-5% -may indicate allergic reaction or parasite |
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Basophil count
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-in WBC count
-Men and Women 0-2% -high levels in allegic reactions |
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PLT
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Platelet count
Men and women 150,000-400,000/mm3 |
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Platelet Count
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number of platelets (thrombocytes) per cubic ml of blood
-<100,000 thrombocytopenia, leukemia, liver failure, sepsis ->400,000 thrombocytosis, inflammation, hemorraging, surgery |
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MPV
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Platelet volume mean
Men and Women 7.4-10.4 fL |
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Platelet volume mean
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measure of the average size of the platelet
-with thrombocytopenia MPV increases (body is trying to produce a number of platelets) |
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Na+
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sodium
men and women 135-146 mEq/L |
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Sodium
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most cation in ECF, maintains osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, nerve impulse transmission
-aldosterone conserves sodium by decreasing renal losses -natriuretic hormone increases renal loss of sodium -ADH control reabsorption of water at kidneys -hyponatremia- weakness, confusion, lethargy seizure -hypernatremia- thirst, agitation, restlessness, mania, convulsions |
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K+
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Potassium
men and women 35.-5.0 mEq/L |
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Potassium
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major cation of ICF
-aldosterone increases excreted by kidneys, as Na+ is reabsorped K+ is lost -hypokalemia- paralysis, flattend T wave, prominent U, weakness, hyporeflexia -hyperkalemia- tented T, widened QRS, ST depression, irritability, n/v/d |
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Cl
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chloride
men and women 98-106 mEq/L |
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Chloride
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maintains electrical neutrality, follows sodium/water
-hypochloremia- overhydration, hypotension, hyperexcitability -hyperchloremia- dehydration, lethargy, weakness |
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Ca+
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Calcium
Men and Women 9.0-10.5 mg/dl |
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Calcium
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-measure of both ionized (free) form and protein bond form
- measures parathyroid function, bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer, nerve impulse transmission, blood clotting, cardiac fx -used to monitor renal failure -hypocalcemia- cardiac arrthymia, tetany, hyperparesthesia -hypercalcemia- confusion, anorexia, muscle pain, abd pain, weakness |
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PO4
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phosphorus
men and women 3.0-4.5 mg/dl |
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phosphorus
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-inversely related to Ca+
-determined by calcium metabolism, renal excretion, parathyroid hormone, intestinal absorption -hypophosphatemia- weakness, confusion, coma -hyperphosphatemia- renal failure, liver disease, |
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mg
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magnesium
men and women 1.3-2.1 mEq/L |
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magnesium
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-maintain normal muscle and nerve function
-keeps heart rhythm steady --regulates blood sugar levels -promotes normal blood pressure -involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis -excreted through the kidneys -inc levels from kidney disease, demostrate as widening QRS -dec levels cause weakness, irritability, tetany, delirium -tied to potassium |
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BUN
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Blood urea Nitrogen
Men and Women 10-20 mg/dl |
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Blood urea nitrogen
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- urea is formed in liver as end product of protein (ammonia)
-excreted by the kidneys -increased: renal disease, excess protein, HF, low fluid intake, intestinal bleeding -decreased: liver disease (decreased formation of urea), poor diet, malabsorption |
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Creatinine
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men 0.6-1.2 mg/dl
women 0.5-1.1 mg/dl |
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creatinine
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-excreted by kidneys
-50% reduction in GFR doubles creatinine levels -increase: kidney disease, muscle degeneration -decrease: kidney damage, protein starvation |
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BUN/Creatinine
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Men and Women 10:1
(ratio 6-25) |
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BUN/creatinine
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-evaluates hydration status (increase ratio--dehydration)
-both elevated--intrinsic renal disease -other increase ration causes: liver cirrhosis, HF, high protein diet, steroids |
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Uric acid
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men 4.0-8.5 mg/dl
women 2.7-7.3 mg/dl |
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Uric acid
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-product of purine
-excreted by kidneys -elevated levels: gout, kidney failure, overproduction, infections, alcoholism, high protein diet -decrease: kidney disease, malabsorption, poor diet, liver disease, acidic kidney/urine |
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Total protein
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men and women 6.4-8.3 g/dl
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Total protein
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increase: lupus, liver disease, chronic infections, alcoholism, leukemia
decrease: poor nutrition, liver disease, malabsorption, diarrhea, burns |
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albumin
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men and women 3.5-5 g/dl
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albumin
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-protein formed in the liver (measure of hepatic fx)
-maintain osmotic pressure within the blood -transports drugs, hormones and enzymes -decrease: liver disease, fever, infection, burns, poor diets -increase: shock, dehydration |
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glubulin
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men and women 2.2-4.2 g/dl
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globulin
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-building blocks of antibodies
-transport vehicle -decrease: immune compromise, poor diet, malabsorption, liver or kidney disea -increase: chronic infection, liver disease, RA, lupus |
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A/G ration
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albumin/globulin ration
men and women 0.8-2.0 |
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Amylase
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men and women
60-120 somogyi units/dl |
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amylase
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-used to diagnose and monitor pancreatitis
-ends in duodenum where it aids in catabolism of cho -persistant pancreatitis, duct obstruction, pancreatic duct leak will cause elevated levels -may also be caused by bowel proliferation, peptic ulcers |
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glucose
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men and women 70-110 mg/dl
child<2 60-100 infant 40-90 neonate 30-60 |
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Total Cholesterol
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men and women <200 mg/dl
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Cholesterol
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-required for production of steroids, sex hormones, bile acids and cellular membranes
-cause of arteriosclerotic vascular disease |
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LDL
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Low Density Lipoprotein
men and women 60-180 mg/dl |
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LDL
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circulates in the blood and slowly builds up on inner walls of arteries, plaque narrows and hardens arteries, which is atherosclerosis
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HDL
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High Density Lipoprotein
men >45 mg/dl women >55 mg/dl |
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HDL
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-carry cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver, where it's passed from the body
-may remove excess cholesterol from arterial plaque, slowing its buildup |
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Triglycerides
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men 40-160 mg.dl
women 35-135 mg/dl |
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Triglycerides
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-fat in blood stream
-transported by LDL's -produced by the liver -storage for energy -if excessive artherosclerosis, liver disease, MI, increased risk of CAD |
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Cholesterol/HDL ratio
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total cholesterol/HDL
men and women < 5:1 |
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AST formally called SGOT
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aspartate aminotransferase formally called serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
-Men and Women 0-35 units/L |
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aspartate aminotransferase
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-part of LFT, cardiac marker
-AST is released when cell injury has occured to heart or hepatic tissue -MI, acute hepatitis, gallstones, cirrhosis, liver congestion, metastatic liver tumor -other causes of AST elevation: acute pancreatitis, acute renal disease, musculoskeletal disease, trauma, burns |
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ALT formally called SGPT
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alanine aminotransferase formally called serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase
-men and women 4-36 units/L |
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alanine aminotransferase
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-part of LFT
-liver disease will cause an increase in this enzyme -hepatitis, cirrhosis, severe burns, hepatotoxic drugs, tumor, etc |
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ALP
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alkaline phosphatase
-men and women 30-120 units/L |
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alkaline phosphatase
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-enzyme secreted into the bile with obstructive biliary disease and cirrhosis
-other causes of increase: hepatic tumors, hepatoxic drugs, hepatitis -ALP2 is from bone grow, may have to distinguish what is causing total increase |
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bilirubin
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Total: 0.3-1.0 mg/dl
Newborn total: 1.0-12.0 mg/dl |
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bilirubin
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-part of LFT
-heme is broken down into indirect bilirubin then made into direct bilirubin in the liver -bilirubin is then excreted in the stool -causes of increased levels of bilirubin: liver disease (hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis), gallstones, hemolytic anemias, pancreas tumors |
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CK
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Creatinine phosphokinase
-cardiac marker men: 55-170 units/L women; 30-135 units/l |
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Creatinine phosphokinase
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-cardiac marker
-elevated after muscle tissue damage, 4-6 hours after MI peaking at 16-30 hours and returning within 4 days |
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CK-MB isoenzymes
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-cardiac marker
-if CK-MB is 3.0 ng/ml and CK-MB/CK is > 2.5 = MI highly likely (?) -can help determine when MI occured and benefits of throbolytic therapy |
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cardiac troponin
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cardiac troponin T: <0.2 ng/ml
cardiac troponin I: <0.03 ng/ml |
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cardiac troponine
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-cardiac marker
-elevated after: myocardial injury -assessed with patient with: unstable angina, acute coronary ischemic syndromes, reperfusion after angioplasty, MI size, postop MI |
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isoenzyme LDH-1
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isoenzyme lactate dehydrogenase 1
men and women 17-27% |
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isoenzyme lactate dehydrogenase-1
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-cardiac marker
-after MI LDH1 rises within 24-48 hours and peaks within 2-3 days |
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myoglobin
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-cardiac marker
-men and women <90 mcg/L -early indicator of myocardium damage (within 3 hours) |
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ABG's
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arterial blood gases:
-pH: 7.35-7.45 -PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg -HCO3: 21-28 mEq/L -PO2: 80-100 mm Hg -O2 sat: 95-100% |
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pH
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-inc in H+ = dec in pH
-dec in H+ = inc in pH -dec in pH = acidity -inc in pH = alkalinity |
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PCO2
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-partial pressure of CO2 in blood
-inc in CO2 = dec in pH -inc in PCO2 = inc in breathing -inc in PCO2 = resp acidosis |
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HCO3
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-bicarbonate
-regulated by kidneys -inc in HCO3 = inc pH -inc in HCO3 = metabolic acidosis |
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PO2
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-measure of oxygen content in arterial blood
-dec PO2 = pneumonia, CHF |
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O2 saturation
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-% of hemoglobin saturated with O2
-dec in PO2 = dec in O2 sat -<70% tissues unable to perform vital functions *carbon monoxide poisoning will result in inaccurately high O2 sat level |
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PT or INR
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prothrombin time
men and women 11.0-12.5 secs; 85-100% |
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prothrombin time
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-clotting ability
-decreased time: hepatocellular liver disease, biliary obstructive disease (if admin Vit K and PT returns to normal = biliary ostructive disease) -measure of how well coumadin is working (approp dosage should prolong PT by 1.5-2 x control value or 20-30% normal value) -therapeutic INR = 2-3.5 |
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Cardiac Lab Values
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AST/SGOT
CK/CPK CK-MB Cardiac Troponine Myoglobin Isoenzyme LDH-1 Others: ALT, PT/INR, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL, Cholesterol |
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AGB's
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pH
PCO2 PO2 HCO3 O2 |
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Electrolytes
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Na+
K+ Cl- Ca+ PO4 Mg |
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Renal Lab Values
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BUN
Creatinine Uric acid BUN/Creatinine others: Globulin, ALT, AST, ALP |
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Liver Lab Values
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AST
ALP ALT Bilirubin LDH others: total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, PT/INR, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyercides |
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Pancreas Lab Values
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amylase
AST bilirubin |
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Hematology Lab Values
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RBC, HgB, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, MPV, RDW, ANC, WBC, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, eosinophil count, basophil count, PLT
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