Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
WALL LAYER: mucosa |
The mucosa has subdivisions called surface epithelium, lamina propria, and muscular layer.
Its major functions include secretion of enzymes, mucus, and hormones, absorption of digested foodstuffs, and protection against bacterial invasion. |
|
|
WALL LAYER: submucosa
--Subdivisions of the layer: --Major functions: |
The submucosa has subdivisions of connective tissue, lymph nodules, and nerve fibers.
Its major functions are nutrition and protection. |
|
|
WALL LAYER: muscularis externa
--Subdivisions of the layer: --Major functions: |
The muscularis externa has subdivisions of circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layer.
It regulates GI motility. |
|
|
WALL LAYER: serosa
--Subdivisions of the layer: --Major functions: |
The serosa consists of visceral peritoneum.
Its major function is to reduce friction as the GI tract organs work. |
|
|
The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is the ________ canal.
|
Alimentary
|
|
|
How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified; How does this modification relate to the stomach’s function?
|
The muscularis externa of the stomach has a third obliquely oriented layer of smooth muscle. This modification allows the stomach to churn, mix, and pummel the food, physically breaking it down to smaller fragments.
|
|
|
Structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall
|
mesentery
|
|
|
Three modifications of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
|
microvilli
villi plicae circulares |
|
|
Large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine
|
Peyer's patches
|
|
|
Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine
|
plicae circulares
|
|
|
Regions that break down foodstuffs mechanically
|
oral cavity
stomach |
|
|
Mobile organ that initiates swallowing
|
tongue
|
|
|
Conduit that serves the respiratory and digestive systems
|
pharynx
|
|
|
The "gullet"; lies posterior to the trachea
|
esophagus
|
|
|
Surface projections of a mucosal epithelial cell
|
microvilli
|
|
|
Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines
|
ileocecal valve
|
|
|
Primary region of enzymatic digestion
|
small intestine
|
|
|
Membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth
|
frenulum
|
|
|
Area between the teeth and lips/cheeks
|
vestibule
|
|
|
Wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum
|
appendix
|
|
|
Carbohydrate (starch) digestion begins here
|
oral cavity
|
|
|
Two-layered serous membrane attached to the greater curvature of the stomach
|
greater omentum
|
|
|
Organ distal to the small intestine
|
large intestine
|
|
|
Valve preventing movement of chyme from the duodenum into the stomach
|
pyloric valve
|
|
|
Posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity
|
soft palate
|
|
|
Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancreatic secretions and bile pass
|
small intestine
|
|
|
Outermost layer of a digestive organ in the abdominal cavity
|
visceral peritoneum
|
|
|
Principal site for the synthesis of vitamins (B, K) by bacteria
|
large intestine
|
|
|
Distal end of the alimentary canal
|
anus
|
|
|
Bone-supported part of roof of the mouth
|
hard palate
|
|
|
Visible portion of the tooth
|
crown
|
|
|
Material covering the tooth root
|
cementum
|
|
|
Hardest substance in the body
|
enamel
|
|
|
Attaches the tooth to bone and surrounding alveolar structures
|
periodontal ligament
|
|
|
Portion of the tooth embedded in bone
|
root
|
|
|
Forms the major portion of tooth structure; similar to bone
|
dentin
|
|
|
Produces the dentin
|
pulp
|
|
|
Site of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
|
pulp
|
|
|
Portion of the tooth covered with enamel
|
crown
|
|
|
In humans, the number of deciduous teeth is ___(1)___; the number of permanent teeth is ___(2)___.
|
In humans, the number of deciduous teeth is 20 ; the number of permanent teeth is 32
|
|
|
Produce(s) mucus; found in the submucosa of the small
intestine |
duodenal glands
|
|
|
Produce(s) a product containing amylase that begins starch
breakdown in the mouth |
salivary glands
|
|
|
Produce(s) a whole spectrum of enzymes and an alkaline
fluid that is secreted into the duodenum |
pancreas
|
|
|
Produce(s) bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct
|
liver
|
|
|
Produce(s) HCl and pepsinogen
|
gastric glands
|
|
|
The dental formula for permanent teeth is?
2, 1, 2, 3 ---------- 2, 1, 2, 3 Explain what this means: |
The dental formula stands for upper teeth: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars; and for lower teeth: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars.
|
|
|
What teeth are the "wisdom teeth"?
|
The wisdom teeth are the number three molars.
|
|
|
What is the role of the gallbladder?
|
Bile is stored in the gallbladder until needed for the digestive process.
|
|
|
Increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product
|
catalyst
|
|
|
Provides a standard of comparison for test results
|
control
|
|
|
Biologic catalyst: protein in nature
|
enzyme
|
|
|
Substance on which a catalyst works
|
substrate
|
|
|
The enzymes of the digestive system are classified as hydrolases. What does this mean?
|
Hydrolases break down substrates by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus breaking the bonds between the monomers.
|
|
|
Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes operate optimally at a pH that is slightly alkaline, yet the chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach is very acid. How is the proper pH for the functioning of the pancreatic-intestinal enzymes ensured?
|
A high concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3 –) neutralizes the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach, enabling the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes to operate at their optimal pH.
|
|
|
Assume you have been chewing a piece of bread for 5 or 6 minutes. How would you expect its taste to change during this interval? Why?
|
The bread will begin to taste sweet. Salivary amylase will break down the starch into sucrose.
|
|
|
What organ produces salivary amylase?
|
salivary glands
|
|
|
What is the site of action of salivary amylase?
|
oral cavity
|
|
|
What is the substrate of salivary amylase?
|
starch
|
|
|
What is the optimal pH of salivary amylase?
|
neutral
|
|
|
What organ produces trypsin?
|
pancreas
|
|
|
What is the site of action of typsin?
|
small intestine
|
|
|
What is the substrate of trypsin?
|
protein
|
|
|
What is the optimal pH of trypsin?
|
alkaline
|
|
|
What organ produces lipase?
|
pancreas
|
|
|
What is the site of action of lipase?
|
small intestine
|
|
|
What is the substrate of lipase?
|
fat
|
|
|
What is the optimal pH of lipase?
|
alkaline
|
|
|
Name the end products of digestion for the following types of foods:
1) proteins: 2) carbohydrates: 3) fats (2 answers): |
The correct answers are the following:
1) Amino acids 2) Glucose 3) Glycerol and Fatty acids |
|
|
Blocks off nasal passages during swallowing
|
uvula
|
|
|
Voluntary phase of swallowing
|
buccal
|
|
|
Propulsive waves of smooth muscle contraction
|
peristalsis
|
|
|
Sphincter that opens when food or fluids exert pressure on it
|
cardioesophageal
|
|
|
Movement that mainly serves to mix foodstuffs
|
segmental
|
|
|
Forces food into the pharynx
|
tongue
|
|
|
Involuntary phase of swallowing
|
pharyngeal-esophageal
|
