Lab Practical Marine Invertebrates

Front 1

Phylum Porifera...(4)

Back 1

1.) Asymmetrical growth
2.) Spicules
3.) Mesohyl
4.) Choanocytes

Front 2

Examples of Phylum Porifera?

Back 2

Sponges

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Phylum Cnidaria...(7)

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1.) Cnidocytes
2.) Gastrovascular cavity
3.) Mesoglea
4.) Only two tissue layers
5.) Radial symmetry
6.) Medusa and polp forms
7.) True tissues but no organs

Front 4

Examples of Phylum Cnidaria?

Back 4

Sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, freshwater hydra, Portuguese man-of-war

Front 5

Phylum Platyhelminthes...(3)

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1.) Parenchyma
2.) Protonephridia with flame cells
3.) Ciliated body covering or presence of a tegment

Front 6

Examples of Phylum Platyhelminthes?

Back 6

Flatworms

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Phylum Mollusca...(4)

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1.) Mantle cavity with gills
2.) Visceral mass
3.) Muscular foot
4.) Mantle

Front 8

Examples of Phylum Mollusca?

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Clams, snails, octopuses

Front 9

Phylum Annelida...(4)

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1.) Transverse septa
2.) Setae
3.) Segmented with similar body parts (Metameric)
4.) One pair filtration nephridia per segment (Metanephridia)

Front 10

Examples of Phylum Annelida?

Back 10

Earth worms, leeches, feather dusterworms

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Phylum Arthropoda...(4)

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1.) Jointed segmented appendages
2.) Chitinous exoskeleton
3.) Compound eyes
4.) Ecdysis (Molting)

Front 12

Examples of Phylum Arthropoda?

Back 12

Mantis shrimp, insects, spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, centipedes, crabs, lobsters, brine shrimp, copepods, isopods, amphipods, and barnacles

Front 13

Phylum Echinodermata...(4)

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1.) Water vascular system
2.) Pentamerous radial symmetry
3.) Internal skeleton of calcareous ossicles
4.) Mutable connective tissue

Front 14

Examples of Phylum Echinodermata?

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Brittle stars, sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea biscuits, sea lilies, feather stars, and sea daises

Front 15

Phylum Bryozoa (Lophorates)...(2)

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1.) Lophophore
2.) Cystid and polypide

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Examples of Phylum Bryozoa?

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Bushy bryozoan

Front 17

Phylum Brachiopoda (Lophorates)...(2)

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1.) Lophophore
2.) Dorsal and ventral valves

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Examples of Phylum Brachiopoda?

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Brachiopod

Front 19

Phylum Chordata...(5)

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1.) Tunic
2.) Dorsal nerve tube
3.) Postanal tail
4.) Notochord
5.) Myomeres (Cephalochordata)

Front 20

Examples of invertebrates in Phylum Chordata?

Back 20

Tunicates (Urochordata)
Lancelets (Cephalochordata)

Front 21

What are the different feeding biologies? (8)

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1.) Carnivory
2.) Deposit feeding
3.) Suspension/filter feeding
4.) Herbivory/surface grazing
5.) Symbiosis
6.) Mutualism
7.) Detritivores
8.) Fungal farming

Front 22

Carnivory?

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Hunting, ability to find the food, usually meat

Front 23

Deposit feeding?

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Sifting or extracting matter from sediment (Nonselective vs. selective)

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Suspension/filter feeding?

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Removing food particles from water, usually sessile creatures

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Herbivory/surface grazing?

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Taking in plant material or algae

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Symbiosis?

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Parasitism

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Mutualism?

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Symbiosis with zooxanthellae

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Detrivores?

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Decaying organic material

Front 29

Examples of carnivory?

Back 29

Box-jelly (Cubozoa - Cnidaria), some crabs, some gastropods, some sea stars

Front 30

Examples of deposit feeding?

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Sea cucumbers, some crabs, some annelids

Front 31

Examples of suspension/filter feeding?

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Snails, sea urchins, sand dollars

Front 32

Examples of symbiosis?

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Tape worms, flukes, round worms, parasitic barnacles

Front 33

Examples of mutualism?

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Corals

Front 34

Examples of detrivores?

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Shrimp, lobsters, some annelids

Front 35

Suspension/filter feeding invertebrates generally consume?

Back 35

Bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and organic material (Detritus)

Front 36

Barnacles (Phylum Arthropoda, Class Crustacea) have what feeding structure?

Back 36

Cirri - long feathery feeding appendages used to filter feed on suspended material in the surrounding water

Front 37

Water loss can also be called?

Back 37

Desiccation

Front 38

Gastropods must have evolved...

Back 38

A number of adaptations that can limit desiccation

Front 39

Anatomical adaptations? (4)

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1.) Operculum
2.) Shell
3.) Mucus glands
4.) Mantle cavity

Front 40

Behavioral adaptations? (3)

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1.) Burrowing
2.) Retracting into shells
3.) Move with tide (Tidal migration)

Front 41

Physiological adaptations? (3)

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1.) Produce mucus
2.) Osmoregulation
3.) Estivation (Cellular metabolic activities decrease)

Front 42

An egg is surrounded by...

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Three layers

Front 43

Which are?

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1.) Jelly-like layer
2.) Vitelline layer
3.) Plasma membrane

Front 44

Jelly-like layer?

Back 44

Serves to protect the egg

Front 45

Vitelline layer?

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Primarily composed of glycoproteins

Front 46

Plasma membrane?

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Inner most membrane that fuses with the plasma membrane of the sperm

Front 47

Acrosome?

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Contains enzymes, which the sperm head releases and begins to digest a cavity in the jelly layer

Front 48

Polyspermy?

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Multiple sperm entering ovum at same time, uneven cleavage results

Front 49

Fertilization membrane?

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Once fertilization occurs, vitelline layer becomes the fertilization membrane

Front 50

Pronuclei?

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The pronuclei of egg and sperm before they merge

Front 51

Cleavage?

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Mitotic division into two genetically identical daughter cells, then 4, ect...

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Blastula?

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Embryo forms

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Blastocoel?

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Hollow cavity in between the cell layer

Front 54

Protocol for whole mounts? (7)

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1.) Data recording
2.) Fixation
3.) Staining
4.) Destaining
5.) Removal of destaining agent
6.) Dehydration and clearing
7.) Mounting

Front 55

What are some normal fixatives?

Back 55

10% formalin, 70% ethanol, Lavdowsky's AFA

Front 56

After fixation...

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Move specimen to 70-80% ethanol

Front 57

The next process is?

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Staining

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What is used in staining?

Back 58

Semichon's carmine stain

Front 59

Destaining? (3)

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1.) Rinse specimen in 70% ethanol
2.) To a destaining solution of .5-1.0% HCL in 70% ethanol
3.) Place specimen in 95% ethanol

Front 60

Dehydration and clearing?

Back 60

100% then xylene or HEMO-DE for cleraing

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Mounting?

Back 61

Mount with permount or histomount

Front 62

Protocol for cross sections? (7)

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1.) Fixation
2.) Dehydration
3.) Clearing
4.) Paraffin infiltration and embedding
5.) Sectioning
6.) Staining
7.) Mounting

Front 63

Fixation...

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Bouin's fixative for 48 hours then 70% ethanol

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Dehydration? (3)

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1.) 95% ethanol (15mins)
2.) 100% ethanol (30 mins)
3.) Exchange for new 100% ethanol (30 mins)

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Clearing? (3)

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1.) 100% HEMO-DE (15 mins)
2.) New HEMO-DE (30 mins)
3.) New HEMO-DE (30 mins)

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Paraffin infiltration and embedding? (3)

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1.) 1:1 paraffin/HEMO-DE for 30 mins in oven
2.) 100% paraffin for 30 mins in oven
3.) Transfer into mold

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Sectioning?

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Use microtome to cut specimen into 10 um sections

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Staining? (3)

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1.) Down series
2.) Staining series
3.) Up series

Front 69

Down series?

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1.) Paraffin removal - HEMO-DE (10 mins)
2.) Hydration - 100% ethanol (5 mins), 95% ethanol (5 mins), 70% ethanol (5 mins), 40% ethanol (5 mins), 15% ethanol (5 mins), DI water (30 secs)

Front 70

Staining series? (8)

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1.) Harris Hematoxylin (5 mins)
2.) Wash indirectly in tap water (3 mins)
3.) 1% acid alcohol (30 secs)
4.) Wash indirectly in tap water (1 min)
5.) .2% ammonia water (30 secs)
6.) Wash indirectly in tap water (3 mins)
7.) Eosin Y (30 secs)
8.) DI water - 1 dip

Front 71

Up series? (4)

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1.) 70% ethanol (5 mins)
2.) 95% ethanol (5 mins)
3.) 100% ethanol (5 mins)
4.) 100% HEMO-DE (5 mins)

Front 72

Mounting?

Back 72

Clean cover slips with 95% ethanol and mount specimen with histomount

Front 73

"Head" appendages? (5)

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1.) 1st antenna
2.) 2nd antenna
3.) Mandible
4.) 1st pair maxillae
5.) 2nd pair maxillae

Front 74

"Thoracic" appendages? (8)

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1.) 1st maxilliped
2.) 2nd maxilliped
3.) 3rd maxilliped
4.) Cheliped (1st pereopod)
5.) Walking leg (2nd pereopod)
6.) Walking leg (3rd pereopod)
7.) Walking leg (4th pereopod)
8.) Swimming paddle (5th pereopod)

Front 75

The pleopods are where in the crab?

Back 75

In abdomen, 2 pairs for male, 4 pairs for female